Table 3 SEM-EDX results for the black materials on the surface of the construction materials used in the Khmer temples

Bayon

3401

Blackened area

28.55 ± 15.73

10.59 ± 7.74

0.52 ± 0.47

5.71 ± 4.21

6.41 ± 4.02

22.64 ± 14.48

1.42 ± 3.23

1.67 ± 0.92

–

–

–

0.83 ± 0.48

Sandstone

0.37 ± 0.18

5.22 ± 1.26

3.55 ± 1.19

2.60 ± 0.43

8.67 ± 2.13

39.08 ± 4.96

2.41 ± 1.24

1.67 ± 0.37

0.37 ± 0.14

–

–

0.31 ± 0.38

Ratio

78.01

2.03

0.15

2.19

0.74

0.58

0.59

1.00

–

–

–

2.65

East Mebon

3405

Blackened area

21.67 ± 5.91

2.76 ± 0.91

0.24 ± 0.09

–

10.59 ± 3.41

29.26 ± 2.78

0.88 ± 0.12

0.57 ± 0.22

1.03 ± 0.52

0.30 ± 0.84

0.16 ± 0.41

0.52 ± 0.30

Laterite

0.18 ± 0.13

28.87 ± 2.89

0.09 ± 0.05

–

16.24 ± 0.46

20.40 ± 0.90

0.05 ± 0.09

0.09 ± 0.12

0.97 ± 0.23

0.59 ± 0.25

0.32 ± 0.19

0.12 ± 0.15

Ratio

123.13

0.10

2.59

0.65

1.43

19.04

6.06

1.06

0.51

0.51

4.38

Pre Rup

3406

Blackened area

6.81 ± 2.66

2.29 ± 2.63

0.11 ± 0.04

0.21 ± 0.05

4.20 ± 2.29

33.84 ± 4.41

0.34 ± 0.06

0.28 ± 0.03

0.19 ± 0.25

0.05 ± 0.12

0.27 ± 0.28

0.05 ± 0.12

Laterite

0.22 ± 0.11

29.80 ± 2.07

0.14 ± 0.03

–

10.63 ± 0.75

15.00 ± 1.89

–

–

0.42 ± 0.05

0.02 ± 0.05

0.02 ± 0.04

0.06 ± 0.07

Ratio

31.54

0.08

0.81

–

0.40

2.26

–

–

0.44

2.17

15.00

0.96

3407

Blackened area

12.36 ± 4.45

4.67 ± 3.47

2.80 ± 1.43

3.14 ± 2.30

7.48 ± 1.89

20.84 ± 6.57

1.82 ± 1.96

0.88 ± 0.44

–

0.88 ± 0.23

–

1.50 ± 0.72

Sandstone

0.03 ± 0.04

1.80 ± 0.45

3.44 ± 1.06

1.21 ± 0.38

7.10 ± 1.31

32.90 ± 2.26

3.77 ± 2.13

0.40 ± 0.34

–

–

0.21 ± 0.00

0.88 ± 0.13

Ratio

386.38

2.59

0.81

2.60

1.05

0.63

0.48

2.19

–

–

–

1.71

Ta Keo

3408

Blackened area

18.29 ± 10.23

10.73 ± 5.68

0.18 ± 0.12

–

12.79 ± 3.00

14.17 ± 1.65

–

1.23 ± 0.51

0.67 ± 0.38

1.00 ± 0.62

0.75 ± 0.60

–

Laterite

0.56 ± 0.14

43.03 ± 0.96

0.14 ± 0.08

–

9.86 ± 0.66

8.51 ± 0.43

–

–

0.27 ± 0.23

–

–

–

Ratio

32.78

0.25

1.28

–

1.30

1.66

–

–

2.46

–

–

–

Phnom Krom

3409

Blackened area

10.07 ± 3.63

4.28 ± 5.79

0.16 ± 0.09

–

19.28 ± 2.58

10.28 ± 3.57

–

–

–

2.39 ± 1.07

0.85 ± 0.39

0.53 ± 0.16

Laterite

0.18 ± 0.17

21.33 ± 5.03

0.08 ± 0.05

–

6.77 ± 0.82

24.56 ± 4.80

–

–

0.40 ± 0.09

–

0.15 ± 0.13

–

Ratio

56.57

0.20

1.93

–

2.85

0.42

–

–

–

–

5.57

–

Wat Athvea

3410

Blackened area

7.34 ± 1.26

3.30 ± 1.25

0.19 ± 0.15

–

9.42 ± 1.78

31.70 ± 3.05

0.63 ± 0.25

0.38 ± 0.20

0.48 ± 0.29

–

–

–

Laterite

0.33 ± 0.27

3.05 ± 0.29

0.10 ± 0.04

–

12.42 ± 0.28

32.74 ± 0.27

0.68 ± 0.10

0.39 ± 0.21

0.37 ± 0.19

0.30 ± 0.00

–

–

Ratio

22.24

1.08

1.88

0.76

0.97

0.91

0.99

1.31

Pr. Neang Khmau

3402

Blackened area

4.91 ± 3.01

52.07 ± 8.03

0.27 ± 0.29

–

5.51 ± 2.09

3.22 ± 1.56

–

–

0.70 ± 0.42

0.87 ± 0.13

0.51 ± 0.23

0.89 ± 0.77

Laterite

0.25 ± 0.18

54.92 ± 4.59

0.11 ± 0.05

–

4.16 ± 0.20

6.23 ± 1.70

–

–

0.65 ± 0.07

0.40 ± 0.04

0.03 ± 0.07

–

Ratio

19.79

0.95

2.39

1.32

0.52

1.09

2.18

15.00

Pr. Chrap

3403

Blackened area

31.72 ± 13.36

6.36 ± 15.86

0.35 ± 0.29

0.41 ± 0.18

6.05 ± 1.78

9.21 ± 4.00

1.44 ± 0.61

0.45 ± 0.19

0.78 ± 0.40

0.46 ± 0.31

0.33 ± 0.18

0.40 ± 0.21

Laterite

0.31 ± 0.10

51.78 ± 0.86

0.20 ± 0.15

–

6.09 ± 0.23

2.43 ± 0.24

0.05 ± 0.06

0.10 ± 0.13

0.89 ± 0.05

1.17 ± 0.10

0.05 ± 0.06

0.34 ± 0.10

Ratio

102.99

0.12

1.77

–

0.99

3.78

27.66

4.32

0.87

0.39

6.58

1.19

Pr. Banteay Pir Chan

3404

Blackened area

10.85 ± 6.22

0.62 ± 0.69

–

11.05 ± 2.77

12.03 ± 4.81

0.92 ± 0.42

0.32 ± 0.04

1.30 ± 0.42

0.99 ± 0.31

–

0.53 ± 0.34

Laterite

1.03 ± 0.79

24.30 ± 12.48

0.67 ± 0.56

–

9.09 ± 1.70

8.64 ± 1.25

–

–

1.10 ± 0.44

0.96 ± 0.20

–

–

Ratio

10.55

0.99

0.93

–

1.22

1.39

–

–

1.19

1.04

–

–

Sambor Prei Kuk S1 tower

3411

Blackened area

3.87 ± 2.93

1.50 ± 0.73

0.39 ± 0.18

0.81 ± 0.23

6.10 ± 1.51

33.27 ± 9.41

1.14 ± 0.24

0.71 ± 0.82

–

2.73 ± 2.04

1.59 ± 1.42

0.46 ± 0.27

Bricks

0.09 ± 0.06

0.37 ± 0.46

0.32 ± 0.12

–

2.46 ± 0.39

44.84 ± 1.11

0.67 ± 0.24

–

–

–

0.39 ± 0.21

0.24 ± 0.20

Ratio

45.05

4.01

1.21

–

2.48

0.74

1.71

–

–

–

4.07

1.90 

3412

Blackened area

8.71 ± 3.19

0.96 ± 3.24

2.95 ± 1.70

0.66 ± 1.28

3.98 ± 3.82

13.63 ± 11.33

1.18 ± 1.62

4.37 ± 2.71

–

5.62 ± 3.63

4.28 ± 1.05

–

Sandstone

0.22 ± 0.10

2.46 ± 0.63

3.39 ± 0.93

0.93 ± 0.22

6.88 ± 1.55

36.51 ± 2.13

2.97 ± 1.08

0.47 ± 0.28

–

–

–

0.33 ± 0.00

Ratio

38.88

0.39

0.87

0.71

0.58

0.37

0.40

9.26

–

–

–

Sambor Prei Kuk C1 tower

3413

Blackened area

48.41 ± 1.69

–

0.30 ± 0.19

4.18 ± 0.57

0.54 ± 0.50

3.84 ± 1.30

1.90 ± 0.16

2.84 ± 0.23

–

0.39 ± 0.14

–

0.22 ± 0.20

Bricks

0.09 ± 0.07

1.19 ± 0.22

0.30 ± 0.09

0.13 ± 0.11

3.66 ± 0.81

45.76 ± 2.14

1.26 ± 0.17

0.07 ± 0.14

0.43 ± 0.06

–

0.49 ± 0.00

0.36 ± 0.21

Ratio

562.93

–

0.98

31.18

0.15

0.08

1.50

40.54

–

–

–

0.61

3414

Blackened area

16.12 ± 6.89

2.05 ± 3.80

0.74 ± 1.49

6.23 ± 1.78

3.06 ± 2.14

20.60 ± 8.45

1.68 ± 1.54

3.17 ± 4.48

1.49 ± 4.52

0.38 ± 0.20

–

0.51 ± 0.20

Sandstone

1.06 ± 0.44

1.55 ± 1.90

3.72 ± 3.52

1.21 ± 0.47

7.34 ± 3.96

36.99 ± 6.09

1.68 ± 1.11

1.59 ± 2.02

0.20 ± 0.25

–

–

–

Ratio

15.21

1.32

0.20

5.16

0.42

0.56

1.00

2.00

7.46

–

–

–