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Table 4 Comparison of results of TLS joint/full registration method for all scans and the target-based registration method with reliability assessment for all Test Sites

From: The evaluation of hand-crafted and learned-based features in Terrestrial Laser Scanning-Structure-from-Motion (TLS-SfM) indoor point cloud registration: the case study of cultural heritage objects and public interiors

RMSE on marked check points [mm]

Detector

Test Site I

Test Site II

Test Site III

Test Site IV

Test Site V

Test Site VI

AFAST

3.4

3.9

2.3

2.5

2.0

9.0

ASIFT

1.8

2.3

1.9

2.8

1.8

4.9

ASURF

3.7

5.0

2.5

2.6

2.1

x

SuperGlue

x

4.1

4.7

2.6

1.9

x

LoFTR

4.2

10.5

x

2.7

x

x

KeyNetAffine

3.6

2.3

5.5

2.5

2.4

x

Target-based method

3.5

4.4

5.7

2.8

1.3

3.8

The reliability indices—minimum values

Detector

Test Site I

Test Site II

Test Site III

Test Site IV

Test Site V

Test Site VI

AFAST

0.94

0.98

0.66

0.99

0.94

0.10

ASIFT

0.98

0.78

0.58

0.99

0.65

0.60

ASURF

0.97

0.99

0.94

0.99

0.93

x

SuperGlue

x

0.28

0.51

0.98

0.87

x

LoFTR

0.76

0.59

x

0.94

x

x

KeyNetAffine

0.51

0.89

0.86

0.98

0.86

x

Target-based method

0.35

0.20

0.22

0.23

0.29

0.28

  1. x too low number of tie points