Table 3 Indicator categories of cultural ecosystem services and coding standards
CES category | Code | Indicators connotation | Coding criteria |
|---|---|---|---|
Spiritual/religious values | C1 | Spiritual, religious, and other values related to solemn activities offered | Religious beliefs or landscape features can provide human beings with objectifying contexts on a spiritual level |
Aesthetics | C2 | Pleasant visual sensations from viewing the beautiful scenery | Enjoy the beautiful scenery |
Recreation | C3 | Conducting leisure and recreational activities | Conducting recreational activities (e.g., ecotourism, fishing, and other outdoor recreational activities) |
Inspiration | C4 | Art inspired by the landscape | The view is associated with poems, paintings, and other art or literary figures |
Sense of place | C5 | Attachment to a particular place | Mention special experiences or feelings about the scene |
Cultural heritage | C6 | Cultural and historical values | References to historic buildings, cultural facilities, and regional culture |
Education and knowledge system | C7 | Knowledge popularization and educational opportunities for the public | Gain knowledge from or describe the park's science facilities |
Social relation | C8 | Interpersonal social interactions that occur | References to interactions with others or group activities |
Cultural ecosystem disservice | ES- | Ecological services that are detrimental to human well-being | Negative evaluation |