Fig. 3

Results of different \(\lambda\) in combo loss and WCE loss on the PLM validation set. a Incompleteness; b break; c fiber delamination and warping; d contamination; e improper restoration; f mean IoU of the five damages. When \(\lambda\) = 0, the combo loss and WCE loss simplify to the CE loss; when \(\lambda\) = 1, the combo loss is equal to the Dice loss. The results show that WCE loss is more sensitive to the choice of hyperparameter λ than combo loss