The origin of lead artifacts from Novae: applications of Pb isotopes in identifying the provenance of Roman artifacts from N. Bulgaria

Recław, Janusz; Sierpień, Paula; Karasiński, Jakub; Kamenov, George; Powell, Wayne; Marciniak-Maliszewska, Beata; Kałaska, Maciej

doi:10.1186/s40494-024-01151-2

Heritage Science

Table 2 Table presenting the description, archaeological dating, and results of lead isotopic analyses of artifacts made of lead from Novae (S3, S4, S5, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 32) and lead ores from Madan (S1), Trepča (S2) and Rudnik Mine (PbS, Or)

From: The origin of lead artifacts from Novae: applications of Pb isotopes in identifying the provenance of Roman artifacts from N. Bulgaria

Sample name	Country	Region	Type	Principal Metal	Description	Chronology	²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁶Pb	²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb	²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb	²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb	²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb
S3	Bulgaria	Novae	Lead	Pb	Water pipe	No dating	2.0771	0.8387	18.683	15.666	38.806
S4	Bulgaria	Novae	Lead	Pb	South pipe	No dating	2.0799	0.8406	18.628	15.654	38.743
S5	Bulgaria	Novae	Lead	Pb	32/93 w	No dating	2.0824	0.8415	18.610	15.656	38.754
1	Bulgaria	Novae	Lead	Pb	VICTORIA pedestal—lead; InGL No. 46; section X; Episcopal Basilica	184 CE	2.0771	0.8379	18.679	15.657	38.797
2	Bulgaria	Novae	Lead	Pb	Signum orignis—InGL lead No. 47 found in 1976, section X; Episcopal Basilica	208 CE	2.0719	0.8379	18.701	15.670	38.748
3	Bulgaria	Novae	Lead	Pb	Signum orignis—InGL lead No. 47 found in 1976, section X; Episcopal Basilica	208 CE	2.0773	0.8393	18.653	15.655	38.748
5	Bulgaria	Novae	Lead	Pb	Column base; section XI; PRINCIPIA, in situ	1st half of the second century	2.0822	0.8410	18.604	15.645	38.736
7	Bulgaria	Novae	Lead	Pb	Altar; section XI; PRINCIPIA	No dating	2.0775	0.8384	18.679	15.624	38.805
8	Bulgaria	Novae	Lead	Pb	Altar; section XI; PRINCIPIA	No dating	2.0739	0.8355	18.741	15.658	38.867
9	Bulgaria	Novae	Lead	Pb	Section X; Episcopal Basilica but it may come from an earlier facility, e.g. a bathhouse	1st half of the second century	2.0766	0.8381	18.677	15.652	38.785
10	Bulgaria	Novae	Lead	Pb	Section VIIIA—villa extra muros	1st half of the second century	2.0768	0.8382	18.676	15.655	38.786
15	Bulgaria	Novae	Lead	Pb	Column bases from the house, inscription INEGRO, INERONTE; section XI; PRINCIPIA	1st half of the 3nd century	2.0774	0.8385	18.666	15.650	38.776
32	Bulgaria	Novae	Lead	Pb	Lead bar; 056\83 w; section IV, Horreum	395–402	2.0793	0.8456	18.469	15.617	38.402
S1	Bulgaria	Madan	Ore	Pb	Galena		2.0819	0.8386	18.686	15.666	38.901
S2	Serbia	Trepca	Ore	Pb	Galena		2.0857	0.8500	18.380	15.618	38.334
PbS	Serbia	Rudnik Mine	Ore	Pb	Galena		2.0784	0.8387	18.657	15.648	38.777
Or	Serbia	Rudnik Mine	Ore	Pb	Galena + sphalerite + pyrrhotite		2.0789	0.8387	18.667	15.656	38.805
NIST 981							2.1661	0.9145	16.932	15.484	36.677

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