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Table 5 Top 42 keywords of co-occurrence analysis

From: Bibliometric analysis of GIS applications in heritage studies based on Web of Science from 1994 to 2023

No

Keyword

Cluster

Occurrences

Links

TLS

Avg. pub. year

1

cultural heritage

1

128

31

134

2018

2

remote sensing

1

59

21

83

2018

3

heritage management

1

21

13

30

2017

4

climate change

1

22

12

29

2019

5

risk assessment

1

12

10

19

2015

6

natural hazard

1

10

9

17

2018

7

monitoring

1

11

9

14

2013

8

vulnerability

1

13

8

13

2019

9

web-GIS

1

13

8

12

2019

10

cultural heritage protection

1

10

6

10

2018

11

GIS

2

387

39

327

2017

12

land use

2

16

12

24

2018

13

analytic hierarchy process

2

26

8

23

2019

14

sustainability

2

16

11

22

2018

15

cultural landscape

2

18

12

20

2017

16

tourism

2

13

12

19

2018

17

protected area

2

14

8

15

2018

18

world heritage site

2

10

7

12

2018

19

spatial distribution

2

13

4

6

2020

20

sustainable development

3

17

11

20

2020

21

3D modeling

3

14

7

15

2018

22

landscape archaeology

3

10

8

15

2019

23

world heritage

3

10

8

12

2016

24

historical GIS

3

12

6

6

2017

25

cultural ecosystem services

3

11

3

5

2019

26

public participation GIS

3

10

4

4

2019

27

geographical indication

3

13

2

2

2019

28

spatial analysis

4

23

15

31

2017

29

mapping

4

11

16

23

2016

30

architectural heritage

4

16

10

16

2019

31

landscape

4

12

10

14

2017

32

sustainable tourism

4

11

7

14

2018

33

archaeology

5

17

13

33

2018

34

heritage

5

24

17

33

2019

35

LiDAR

5

18

12

29

2018

36

database

5

12

6

11

2016

37

conservation

6

15

15

25

2017

38

geodiversity

6

10

6

11

2019

39

geoheritage

6

16

5

11

2020

40

biodiversity

6

10

6

10

2015

41

photogrammetry

7

26

12

35

2018

42

unmanned aerial vehicle

7

19

11

28

2020