Table 1 Description of the data in this paper

NIAHS

Locations and attributes of NIAHS in China

http://www.moa.gov.cn, accessed on 10 June, 2023)

MHCSPL

Locations and attributes of MHCSPL in China

http://www.ncha.gov.cn/index.html, accessed on 10 June, 2023)

ICHC

Locations and attributes of ICHC in China

https://www.mct.gov.cn/, accessed on 10 June, 2023)

Natural factors

Annual average temperature ( °C) from 2011 to 2020

http://cnki.nbsti.net/CSYDMirror/trade/Yearbook/, accessed on 10 June, 2023), http://stats.yn.gov.cn/tjsj/tjnj/, accessed on 10 June, 2023), http://stjj.guizhou.gov.cn/tjsj_35719/, accessed on 10 June, 2023), http://tjj.sc.gov.cn/scstjj/, accessed on 10 June, 2023)

Annual average precipitation ( mm) from 2011 to 2020

Annual sunshine duration ( h) from 2011 to 2020

Proportion of mountainous area (%)

Land area ( km²)

Altitude ( m)

River density ( km/km²)

Human factors

Per capita gross domestic product (yuan)

http://cnki.nbsti.net/CSYDMirror/trade/Yearbook/, accessed on 10 June, 2023), http://stats.yn.gov.cn/tjsj/tjnj/, accessed on 10 June, 2023), http://stjj.guizhou.gov.cn/tjsj_35719/, accessed on 10 June, 2023),http://tjj.sc.gov.cn/scstjj/, accessed on 10 June, 2023)

Gross domestic product of agriculture (billion yuan)

Industrial gross domestic product (billion yuan)

Gross domestic product of the service industry

Ethnic minority population from 2011 to 2020

Proportion of ethnic minority population (%) from 2011 to 2020

Proportion of urban population (%) from 2011 to 2020

Railway mileage (km)

Road mileage (km)

Historical settlement (Number of Ethnic minority characteristic villages, National Historical and Cultural City, National Historical and Cultural Town, National Historical and Cultural Village)