From: Investigation of the painting materials in Zhongshan Grottoes(Shaanxi, China)
Sample | Paint layers/colors (max. thickness in μm) | ESEM/EDX (main elements) | FTIR | Raman |
---|---|---|---|---|
S1 | L3: Brownish (20) | L3: Si, Al, Ca | Â | Â |
 | L2: Green (90) | L2: Cu, Cl | L2: Botallackite, atacamite, calcium oxalate |  |
 | L1: White + orange (90) | L1: Pb | L1: Lead white | L1: Minium |
S2 | L3: Green (55) | L3: Cu, Cl | L3: Botallackite, atacamite, copper oxalate | Â |
 | L2: Black (25) | L1 + L2: Si, Al, Ca, S, Fe, K, Mg | L2: Silicate, oxalate, quartz |  |
 | L1: Brown (180) |  | L1: Silicate, calcium oxalate |  |
S3 | L3: Black (3) | L2: Si, K, Al, Ca, S, Fe | L2 + L3: Silicate, gypsum, quartz, calcium oxalate, probably oil | L3: Carbon black |
 | L2: Rose (36) | L1: Si, Al, K, Fe, Ca (Pb locally) | L1: Kaolinite, calcium oxalate, quartz | L2: Hematite, gypsum |
 | L1: Yellow (63) |  |  |  |
S4 | L4: White + orange (66) | L4: Pb | L4: Lead white | L4: Minium |
 | L3: Transparent (8) | L3: / | L3: only embedding material (FTIR imaging) |  |
 | L2: White - translucent (55) | L2: Si, K, Al, Ca | L2: Silicate, calcium oxalate |  |
 | L1: Yellow (120) | L1: Fe, Si, Al, Ca (Pb locally) | L1: Kaolinite, calcium oxalate |  |
S5 | L3: White + orange (88) | L3: Pb | L3: Lead white | L3: Minium |
 | L2: Rose (66) | L2: Si, Al, K, Ca | L2: Silicate, calcium oxalate, gypsum | L2: Hematite, gypsum |
 | L1: Yellow (22) | L1: Si, Fe, Al, Ca, K | L1: Kaolinite, calcium oxalate |  |
S6 | L5: Red (22) | L5: Hg, S, Ca, Pb, Si, K, Al | L5 + L4: Silicate, probably oil | L5: HgS, minium |
 | L4: Orange (33) | L4: Pb, Hg, S, Si, K, Al |  | L4: Minium, litharge, massicot |
 | L3: Brown (310) | L3: Si, Al, K, Fe, Ca | L3: Silicate, calcium oxalate, quartz |  |
 | L2: Orange (33) |  |  |  |
 | L1: Brown (66) |  | L1: Silicate, calcium oxalate, quartz | L2: Minium |
S7 | L5: Orange (33) | L5: Pb, Fe | Â | Â |
 | L4: Red (66) | L4: Si, Al, Fe, Ca | L4: Silicate, calcium oxalate, probably oil |  |
 | L3: Red (11) | L3: Fe | L3: Silicate, calcium oxalate |  |
 | L2: White-brown (70) | L2: Si, K, Al, Ca | L2: Silicate, calcium oxalate |  |
 | L1: Brown (500) | L1: Ca, Si, Al, K, Fe | L1: Silicate, calcium oxalate |  |
S8 | L8: Gold (1) | L8: Au | L8-L4: Silicate, quartz, calcium oxalate, probably oil | Â |
 | L7: Preparation layer (20) | L7: Si, Al, K, Fe | L3: Silicate |  |
 | L6: Gold (1) | L6: Au |  |  |
 | L5: Preparation layer (20) | L5: Si, Al, K, Fe |  |  |
 | L4: Gold (1) | L4: Au |  |  |
 | L3: Beige (35) | L3: Si, Al, K |  |  |
 | L2: White (70) | L2: Pb, Si, Al, K, Fe |  |  |
 | L1: Light gray (66) | L1: Si, Al, K |  |  |