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Table 1 Analytical results from the samples described in this work

From: Investigation of the painting materials in Zhongshan Grottoes(Shaanxi, China)

Sample

Paint layers/colors (max. thickness in μm)

ESEM/EDX (main elements)

FTIR

Raman

S1

L3: Brownish (20)

L3: Si, Al, Ca

  
 

L2: Green (90)

L2: Cu, Cl

L2: Botallackite, atacamite, calcium oxalate

 
 

L1: White + orange (90)

L1: Pb

L1: Lead white

L1: Minium

S2

L3: Green (55)

L3: Cu, Cl

L3: Botallackite, atacamite, copper oxalate

 
 

L2: Black (25)

L1 + L2: Si, Al, Ca, S, Fe, K, Mg

L2: Silicate, oxalate, quartz

 
 

L1: Brown (180)

 

L1: Silicate, calcium oxalate

 

S3

L3: Black (3)

L2: Si, K, Al, Ca, S, Fe

L2 + L3: Silicate, gypsum, quartz, calcium oxalate, probably oil

L3: Carbon black

 

L2: Rose (36)

L1: Si, Al, K, Fe, Ca (Pb locally)

L1: Kaolinite, calcium oxalate, quartz

L2: Hematite, gypsum

 

L1: Yellow (63)

   

S4

L4: White + orange (66)

L4: Pb

L4: Lead white

L4: Minium

 

L3: Transparent (8)

L3: /

L3: only embedding material (FTIR imaging)

 
 

L2: White - translucent (55)

L2: Si, K, Al, Ca

L2: Silicate, calcium oxalate

 
 

L1: Yellow (120)

L1: Fe, Si, Al, Ca (Pb locally)

L1: Kaolinite, calcium oxalate

 

S5

L3: White + orange (88)

L3: Pb

L3: Lead white

L3: Minium

 

L2: Rose (66)

L2: Si, Al, K, Ca

L2: Silicate, calcium oxalate, gypsum

L2: Hematite, gypsum

 

L1: Yellow (22)

L1: Si, Fe, Al, Ca, K

L1: Kaolinite, calcium oxalate

 

S6

L5: Red (22)

L5: Hg, S, Ca, Pb, Si, K, Al

L5 + L4: Silicate, probably oil

L5: HgS, minium

 

L4: Orange (33)

L4: Pb, Hg, S, Si, K, Al

 

L4: Minium, litharge, massicot

 

L3: Brown (310)

L3: Si, Al, K, Fe, Ca

L3: Silicate, calcium oxalate, quartz

 
 

L2: Orange (33)

   
 

L1: Brown (66)

 

L1: Silicate, calcium oxalate, quartz

L2: Minium

S7

L5: Orange (33)

L5: Pb, Fe

  
 

L4: Red (66)

L4: Si, Al, Fe, Ca

L4: Silicate, calcium oxalate, probably oil

 
 

L3: Red (11)

L3: Fe

L3: Silicate, calcium oxalate

 
 

L2: White-brown (70)

L2: Si, K, Al, Ca

L2: Silicate, calcium oxalate

 
 

L1: Brown (500)

L1: Ca, Si, Al, K, Fe

L1: Silicate, calcium oxalate

 

S8

L8: Gold (1)

L8: Au

L8-L4: Silicate, quartz, calcium oxalate, probably oil

 
 

L7: Preparation layer (20)

L7: Si, Al, K, Fe

L3: Silicate

 
 

L6: Gold (1)

L6: Au

  
 

L5: Preparation layer (20)

L5: Si, Al, K, Fe

  
 

L4: Gold (1)

L4: Au

  
 

L3: Beige (35)

L3: Si, Al, K

  
 

L2: White (70)

L2: Pb, Si, Al, K, Fe

  
 

L1: Light gray (66)

L1: Si, Al, K

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