An investigation of the lead tin yellows type I and II and their use in Bohemian panel paintings from the Gothic period

Heritage Science

Table 1 Raman band wavenumbers of lead-tin yellow I and II and inorganic pigments that were usually observed in the painting layers

Pigment	Chemical formula	Manufactured	Wavenumbers (cm ^-1 ), laser 780 nm
Azurite	2 CuCO₃ · Cu(OH)₂	Böke & Fritz	83 s, 112w, 153 s, 178w, 234 m, 237w, 263vw, 278vw, 328w, 398vs, 538vw, 762w, 837w, 934w, 1094s, 1416 m, 1426bm, 1455vw, 1574 m, 1650vw
Chalk (Calcit)	CaCO₃	Böke & Fritz	155w, 282 m, 712vw,1086vs,
Lead tin yellow, type I.	Pb₂SnO₄	Kremer 10100	80 m, 130vs, 196 m, 275sh, 292w, 379w, 457w, 525vw
Lead tin yellow, type I.	Pb₂SnO₄	Böke & Fritz	80 m, 130vs, 196 m, 272sh, 290w, 379w, 454w, 525vw
Lead tin yellow, type I. (red particles)	Pb₂SnO₄	Böke & Fritz	80 m, 130vs, 196 m, 272sh, 290w, 379w, 454w, 525vw, 547vw
Lead tin yellow, type II.	Pb(Sn,Si)O₃/PbSn_1-xSixO₃	Kremer 10120	67 s, 138vs, 263 vw (sh), 325vw (sh), 450 sh, 635vw (sh)
Lead white	2 PbCO₃ · Pb(OH)₂	Kremer 46000	74 s, 104 s, 129 s, 142br, 414vw, 680vw, 966w, 1051s, 1364vw, 1476vw(br)
Malachite	2 CuCO₃.Cu(OH)₂	Kremer 44400	78 m, 151 s, 178 s, 218 m, 269 m, 353 m, 432 s, 533w, 719w, 753w, 795vw, 1093w, 1367w, 1491s
Minium	Pb₃O₇	Kremer 42500	63 m, 86vw, 121vs, 143 m, 151 m, 220w, 289sh, 314w, 319 m, 417vw, 455vw, 549 s
Massicot	PbO	Kremer 43101	71 m, 87 s, 143vs, 288 s, 384vw
Vermilion	HgS	Kremer 10610	101w, 252vs, 282w(sh), 341 m
Yellow ochre	FeO(OH)	Böke & Fritz	92 m, 144 m, 247w(sh), 263w, 301 m, 399vs, 480w(sh), 558w, 705vw

All standard pigments were manufactured by the companies Kremer or Böke & Fritz; s - strong, m - medium, w - weak, v - very, sh - shoulder, br - broad.