Table 3 Paint analysis data for Venetian and Ottoman sculpture
Object no | Paint colour | Raman analysis | LIBS analysisa |
|---|---|---|---|
Venetian stone inscriptions (Historical Museum of Crete) | |||
AI86 | Black | Carbon black, Calcium carbonate | Ca, Na (s); CN (m) CN emission indicates the use of a carbon based pigment |
AI95 | Black | Calcium carbonate | Ca, Na (s); Cu, Mn, Mg, Pb, Sr (m) Mn suggests the presence of manganese black |
Ottoman stone inscriptions and reliefs (Historical museum of Crete) | |||
AI198 | Blue | Ultramarine | Ca, Na (s); Al, Mg, Si (m); Fe, Ti (w) Na, Al and Si indicate the presence of ultramarine |
White | Calcium carbonate | Ca (s); Al, Mg (m); Ba, Fe, Na, Si, Ti (w) Ca-rich paint, most likely calcium carbonate | |
AI244 | Red | Red lead | Pb (s); Na (m); Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, Si (w) Pb-rich red paint, red lead |
Yellow | Chrome yellow | Ca, Cr, (s), Ba, Na, Pb (m), Al, Mg, Si, Fe (w) Cr and Pb indicate the presence of chrome yellow | |
Dark green | Fluorescence emission | Ca, Pb, Na (s); Cr, Ba (m); Al, Cu, Mg, Si, Fe (w) Cu suggests use of copper-based green pigment | |
Light green | Chrome yellow, Prussian blue | Ca, Cr, Na (s); Ba, Fe, Pb (m), Al, Mg, Si (w) Cr and Pb indicate the presence of chrome yellow | |
White | Calcium carbonate | Ca (s); Al, Ba, Na, Mg (m); Pb, Cr, Si, Ti (w) Ca-rich paint, calcium carbonate | |
Metal foil | Not clear spectral bands | Ca, Na (s); Cr, Pb, Ba (m); Al, Ag, Au, Cu, Mg, Si (w) Ag, Au and Cu evidence the use of a gold foil | |
AI378 | Red | Red lead | Pb (s); Ca, Ba, Na (m), Al, Mg, Si (w) Pb-rich red paint, red lead |
White | Calcite, gypsum | Ca (s); Ba, Mg, Pb, Na (m); Al (w) Ca-rich paint, calcium carbonate (calcium sulphate) | |
Metal foil | Fluorescence emission | Ca (s); Al, Mg (m); Ag, Au, Cu, Na, Si (w) Ag, Au and Cu evidence the use of a gold foil | |
AI0176 | Red | Fluorescence emission | Ca, Ba, Na (s); Pb, Ti, Sr (m); Fe (w). Pb-rich red paint, red lead |
Blue | Ultramarine, Barium sulphate | Ca, Ba, Na (s); Al, Pb, Ti, Sr, Si (m); Fe (w) Na, Al and Si indicate the presence of ultramarine | |
Yellow | Fluorescence emission | Ca, Ba, Na (s); Cr, Pb, Sr (m) Cr and Pb indicate the presence of chrome yellow | |
Light green | Prussian blue, Barium sulphate | Ca, Ba, Na (s); Cr, Fe, Pb, Sr (m); Ti (w) Cr and Pb indicate the presence of chrome yellow | |
Metal foil | Fluorescence emission | Ca, Ba, Na (s); CN, Cr, Pb, Sr (m); Ag, Au, Cu (w) Ag, Au and Cu evidence the use of a gold foil | |
AI0120 | Dark red | Not studied | Ca, Hg, Na (s); Ba, Cr Pb (m); Mg, Sr (w) Hg proves the presence of vermilion or cinnabar |
Orange | Not studied | Ca, Na (s); Cr, Pb (m); Ba, Fe, Hg, Mg, Sr (w) Cr and Pb indicate the presence of chrome yellow, Hg relates to the presence of low quantities of vermilion or cinnabar | |
Red stone | Not studied | Ca, Hg (s); Al, CN, Fe, Pb (m); Mg, Sr, Ti (w) Hg proves the presence of vermilion or cinnabar | |
Black stone | Not studied | Ba, Ca, CN, Na(s); Al, Fe, Mg, Sr (m); Cr, Pb, Ti(w) CN emission indicates the use of a carbon based pigment | |
Marble fragment (St. Catherine collection) | |||
AG1 | Red | Red lead | Ca, Pb (s); CN, Na (m); Mg, Cu (w) Pb-rich red paint, red lead |
Dark green | Weak Raman signal | Cu (s); Ca, Pb, Na (m); Mg, Ag (w) Cu suggests use of copper-based green pigment | |
Black | Red lead (weak signal) | Ca, Pb (s); CN, Na (m); Al, Ag, Cu, Mg (w) Pb-rich red paint, red lead | |
Metal foil | Red lead (weak signal) | Ca (s); Pb, Ba, Na (m); Ag, Au, Cu, Mg, Fe (w) Ag, Au and Cu evidence the use of a gold foil | |