Table 1 Summary of the results from Raman and XRF analyses of pigments on selected Haku Maki prints from the “Poem” series
From: Characterization of Haku Maki prints from the “Poem” series using light-based techniques
“Poem” print | Color | Raman results | XRFa | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
70–70 (1970) | Paper | – | Ti, Ca, (Fe, S) | Likely titanium white and chalk filler |
Black | Aniline black, carbon black? | Cr, Cu, Ca, Ti, (S, Cl, Fe) | Black layer underlies all other colors | |
Glossy black | Strong fluorescence | Cr, Cu, Ca, Ti, (S, Cl, Fe, Co) | Co appears characteristic of glossy black | |
Red | PR3, BaSO4 | Pb, Cr, Ba, S, Mn, Cu, Ca, (K, Fe, Al) | Mn and Pb may indicate use of siccative | |
Red seal | Molybdate orange, PR22, CaCO3, PR48:3? | Pb, Cr, Cu, Ca, Ti, (K, Fe, Mo, Cl) | PR48:3 features appear as trace Raman signal | |
70–90 (1970) | Paper | – | Ti, Ca, (Fe) | Likely titanium white and chalk filler |
Black | Aniline black, carbon black? | Cr, Cu, Ca, Fe, Cl, S, Ti | Black layer underlies all other colors | |
Blue | Phthalocyanine, Prussian, and ultramarine blues | Zn, (Fe, Cu, Cr, Al, Si, Ti, Ca, S) | Zinc white may be present, although not detected by Raman | |
Red | PR3, BaSO4 | Pb, Cr, Ba, S, Mn, Cu, Ca, (Al, K, Fe) | Mn and Pb may indicate use of siccative | |
Red seal | Molybdate orange, PR48:3 | Cr, Pb, Cu, Ba, Ca, (Fe, Cl, Mo, Cd) | ||
71–29 (1970) | Paper | – | Ca, Ti, (Fe, Cu) | Likely titanium white and chalk filler |
Black | Aniline black, carbon black? | Cr, Cu, Fe, Ca, K, Cl, S, Ti, (Al, Si, Pb, Zr) | Black layer underlies all other colors | |
Dark green | Chrome yellow, Prussian blue | Pb, Cr, Fe, (Cu, Ti, Ca, Al) | Common mixture known as chrome green | |
Light green | Chrome yellow, Prussian blue | Pb, Cr, Fe, (Cu, Ti, Ca, Al, Zn) | Common mixture known as chrome green | |
Yellow | Chrome yellow | Pb, Cr, (Cu, Ba, Ca, Al, Fe) | ||
Orange | Chrome yellow | Pb, Cr, (Cu, Ca, Ba, Al, Fe, Mo) | Predominantly monoclinic phase PY34, Mo indicates presence of molybdate orange | |
Red | PR3, BaSO4 | Cr, Cu, Ba, S, Ca, Pb, Fe, (Al, K) | ||
Red seal | Molybdate orange, PR48:3, iron oxide? | Pb, Cr, Cu, Ca, Ba, (Fe, Mo, Cd, Cl) | Possible traces of iron oxide | |
71–61 (1971) | Paper | – | Ca, Ti, (Fe) | Likely titanium white and chalk filler |
Black | Carbon black, Prussian blue | Ca, Ti, Fe, Zn, (S) | Black layer underlies all other colors | |
Glossy black | Strong fluorescence | Cr, Cu, Ca, Ti, (Fe, Co, Cl, S) | Co appears characteristic of glossy black | |
Light green | Barium chromate, viridian | Ba, Cr, Pb, (Ca, Fe, Cu, Al) | Possible Pb drier or lead white underneath the green paint | |
Medium green | Chrome yellow, Prussian blue | Pb, Cr, Fe, (Cu, Ca, Ti, Al) | Common mixture known as chrome green | |
Dark green | Chrome yellow, phthalocyanine blue | Pb, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ba, Si, (Al, K, Ca) | ||
Silvery white | Strong fluorescence | Ca, Ti, Fe, Zn, (Al) | Possibly titanium white with chalk and zinc white | |
Brown | Strong fluorescence | Fe, Cu, Cr, (Ca, Ti, Si, S, K) | Possibly iron oxide pigment | |
Red seal | Molybdate orange, PR48:3 | Ca, Ti, Ba, Cr, Fe, Pb, Zn, (Mo, Cd) |