Table 1 Sample list, with identification codes and texts appearing on the labels of the powder jars or paint tubes (samples identified by “F” or “P” were from pigment powders, while samples identified as “T” were sampled from paint tubes) and summary of results obtained by HPLC analyses, along with the hypothesised dating of the powders and tubes (or at least, a post quem)

F1*

1899

Echantillon de Carmin B (2 Mars 99)

Sample of carmine B (2 March, 1899)

Carminic acid^(a) + carminic acid NH ^(c)₃  + Acid Red 73^(a)

AR73 since 1882

F2*

Laque de garance 334 B4 981 15-11-21

Madder lake 334 B4 981 15-11-21

Pigment Red 84^(c)

PR84 since 1884

F3*

Laque de garance Cramoisie N^o 3

Crimson madder lake N^o 3

Purpurin^(a) + pseudopurpurin^(a)

Kopp’s purpurin

F4*

Garance PMC5 nouvelle 3464 serie 902 A2

New madder PMC5 3464, series 902 A2.

Pigment Red 84^(c)

PR84 since 1884

F5*

1914

Assiette à Dorer Rouge vif. 1914

Bright red gilding bole. 1914

Acid Red 9^(c) or Acid Brown 6^(c)

AR9 since 1877, AB6 since 1878

F6

Laque de garance Rose S. N^o 1

Rose madder lake S. N^o 1

Alizarin^(a) + purpurin^(a)

Garancine since 1828

F7*

1899

Laque de garance Ponceau N^o 1 Nov. 1899

Poppy red madder lake N^o 1 November 1899

Pseudopurpurin^(a) + purpurin^(a) (+anthragallol^(a) + alizarin^(a))

Natural from madder

F8*

1905

Laque de Garance Rose Prun pour aquarelle Mars 1905.525

Plum pink madder lake for watercolours March 1905.525

Alizarin^(a)

Most probably synthetic alizarin (available since 1868)

F9*

Garance PTF. N^o 2 nouvelle 635

New madder PTF. N^o 2 635

Pigment Red 84^(c)

PR84 since 1884

F10*

1900

Carmin fin Mai 1900

Excellent carmine, May 1900

Carminic acid^(a) + carminic acid NH ^(c)₃  + Acid Red 73^(a)

AR73 since 1882

F11

Pourpre Impérial (…) B

Imperial purple (…) B

Insoluble in DMSO and in acidic or alkaline water solutions

F12*

Laque de garance Brun. Rouge

Dark red madder lake

Alizarin^(a) + purpurin^(a)

Garancine since 1828

F13

Vermillon pur N^o 1 pour filets (orlèans) 2038

Pure vermilion N^o 1 for «nets?» (Orlèans) 2038

HgS [26]

F14

Pourpre Impérial C [aniline?]

Imperial purple C [aniline]?

Insoluble in DMSO and in acidic or alkaline water solutions

F15*

1895

Carmin huile 1895 d’après modification de 1892

Carmine oil 1895 after the 1892 modification

Carminic acid^(a) + carminic acid NH ^(c)₃

Special extraction of carminic acid

F16*

Laque Carminée rose N^o 1

Pink carmine lake N^o 1

Carminic acid^(a) + carminic acid NH ^(c)₃

Special extraction of carminic acid

F17*

1890

Purpurine G 1890

Purpurin G 1890

Pseudopurpurin^(a) + munjistin^(a) + alizarin^(a) + purpurin^(a)

Kopp’s purpurin? or madder?

F18*

1910

Laq. Carminée Surfin Violette Juin 1910. 1170

Carmine lake of superior quality June 1910.1170

Carminic acid^(a) + dcIV^(a) + kermesic acid^(a)

Natural from cochineal

F19*

1895

[La]que de Garance Série Rouge N^o 1. 1895

Madder [la]ke Red series N^o 1. 1895

Pseudopurpurin^(a) + purpurin^(a) (+alizarin^(a))

Kopp’s purpurin

F20*

Laque d’office N^o 6

Lake for office N^o 6

Redwood marker type A [39]

Natural from brazilwood

P.5

Carmin N^o 6

Carmine N^o 6

Carminic acid^(a) + carminic acid NH ^(c)₃

Special extraction of carminic acid

P.8

1926

Laque Geranium 2 B. 131. N^o 816 III April 1926 [laque d’aniline]

Geranium lake 2 B. 131. N^o 816 III April 1926 [aniline lake]

Phloxine B (Acid Red 92)^(c) + ethyl ester of eosin (Pigment Red 90)^(a)

Eosin (PR90) since 1871; Phloxine B (AR92) was in use in 1901 [27]

P.9

Stil de grain Brun employable surfin

Dark brown Stil de grain usable of superior quality

3,4-Dihyxroxybenzoic acid^(a) + morin^(a) + maclurin^(a) (+ rhamnetin^(a) + emodin^(a))

Natural from old fustic mixed with buckthorn berries

P.10

Laque de Garance Pourpre moyen clair PMC N^o 5

Purple madder lake medium light PMC N^o 5

Pseudopurpurin^(a) + purpurin^(a)

Kopp’s purpurin

P.11

1910

Laq. Brune d’Alizarine p. Pastels C4970 Jui.l 1910 1580

Brown alizarin lake for pastels C4970 July 1910.1580

Alizarin^(a) + Mordant Yellow 1^(b)

Mordant Yellow 1 since 1887

P.20

Laque de Garance V

Madder lake V

2,6-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone^(b,c) + alizarin^(a) + mono-hydroxyanthraquinone^(c) + flavopurpurin^(b,c)

Synthesis of alizarin 1868

P.22

1929

Laque de Garance Rose clair N^o 6 ancien Type èpuisè Remplacè en 1929 par Ton 2521 de 1911 ou 1925 un peu crayeuse

Light pink madder lake N^o 6 ancient type, finished, replaced in 1929 by shade 2521 made in 1911 or 1925, a little chalky

Insoluble in DMSO and in acidic or alkaline water solutions

P.23

1890

Purpurine B 1890

Purpurin B 1890

Pseudopurpurin^(a) + munjistin^(a) + alizarin^(a) + purpurin^(a)

Kopp’s purpurin

P.24

1890

Murexide Cristallisée 1890

Crystallized murexide 1890

Murexide^(b,c)

From guano since 1853

P.25

Laque de Garance N^o 101

Madder lake N^o 101

2,6-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone^(b,c) + alizarin^(a) + mono-hydroxyanthraquinone^(c) + flavopurpurin^(b,c)

Synthesis of alizarin 1868

P.26

Laque de Garance Rxo 2783 nouvelle

Madder lake “Rxo” 2783 new

Imminated Pigment Red 84 + Pigment Red 84

PR84 since 1884

P.27

Laque de Garance N^o 100

Madder lake N^o 100

2,6-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone^(b,c) + alizarin^(a) + mono-hydroxyanthraquinone^(c) + flavopurpurin^(b,c) + alizarin-9-imine^(c)

Synthesis of alizarin 1868

P.29

“Excréments de Serpents” “contiennent en notable proportion la Murexide, matiére colorante du Jaune Péruvien et du Pourpre Impérial

“Snake dung”, containing murexide in a notable proportion, which is the colouring matter in Peruvian yellow and imperial purple

Insoluble in DMSO and in acidic or alkaline water solutions

T1

Laque de Smirne foncée

Dark Smirne lake

Alizarin^(a) + purpurin^(a)

Garancine

T6

Vert Japonais

Japanese green

Insoluble in DMSO and in acidic or alkaline water solutions

T9

Vert Anglais N^o 4

English green N^o 4

Pigment Yellow 3^(a)

PY3 since 1910

T10

Vert Anglais N^o 5

English green N^o 5

Pigment Yellow 3^(a)

PY3 since 1910

T15

Vert Anglais N^o 2

English green N^o 2

Pigment Yellow 3^(a)

PY3 since 1910

T17

Lac Carmineée fixe

Fixed carmine lake

Pigment Red 115^(c) + alizarin^(a)

Synthesis of alizarin 1868

T18

Lac Fine (Gar.Andr.)

Fine lac (Andr. Madder)

Alizarin^(a) + flavopurpurin^(b,c)

Synthesis of alizarin 1868

T19

Vert Japonais Clair

Japanese light green

Pigment Yellow 3^(a)

PY3 since 1910

T25

Rouge Japonais Foncé

Dark Japanese red

Pigment Red 3 (toluidine red)^(c)

PR3 since 1905

T26

Vert Anglais N^o 3

English green N^o 3

Pigment Yellow 1^(c) + Pigment yellow 3^(a)

PY3 since 1910 (while PY1 was available since 1909)

T30

Rose erythrine

Erythrine pink

Insoluble in DMSO and in acidic or alkaline water solutions