Fig. 4

Flesh tone sample S1 from Saint Jerome’s left foot: a cross-section under light microscope (DF, ×10); b microscopic image (UV, ×20), labeled with L1–L5 to indicate the five-layered stratigraphy, showing a fragment of charcoal and the wet-into-wet application of the carnation colors; c EDX spectrum indicating the presence of Ca, Al, Si and Fe in the red ground, measuring position is indicated by a yellow box in (a); d EDX spectrum indicating the presence of HgS in the red ground, measuring position is indicated by a green box in (a); e EDX spectrum showing the presence of Pb and Ca in the grey priming, measuring position is indicated by a red box in (a)