Table 6 Occurrences of mineral copper sulphate pigment in sixteenth-century Netherlandish paintings in the in the National Gallery
Artist | Date | Location of mineral copper sulphate pigment on the painting | Identification method |
|---|---|---|---|
Gerard David, Canon Bernardijn Salviati and Three Saints (NG1045) | After 1501 | Brownish-green of the trees at the top left; green mineral pigment composed of mainly copper sulphate, probably some malachite, and some potassium aluminium silicate (Al, Si, K), mixed with lead white and lead–tin yellow, with a green verdigris glaze at the surface | SEM–EDX |
Gerard David, Lamentation (NG1078) | 1515–23 | Bright green highlight on the tree in the middle distance; green mineral pigment composed of mainly copper sulphate (some of which contains a little potassium) and probably some malachite, mixed with lead–tin yellow and lead white | SEM–EDX |
Quinten Massys, An Old Woman (‘The Ugly Duchess’) (NG5769) | About 1513 | Green background; green mineral pigment composed of mainly copper sulphate, with a small amount of malachite and associated alumino-silicates (Al, Si) in the underpaint, mixed with lead white and lead–tin yellow. Thin verdigris glaze applied on top in the shadows | SEM–EDX |
Quinten Massys, The Crucifixion (NG715) | About 1515 | Green dress of the woman at the right; green mineral pigment composed of copper sulphate in the greyish-green underpaint, mixed with lead white, lead–tin yellow, some black, and a little azurite. (Upper layers contain verdigris) | SEM–EDX |
Workshop of Goossen van der Weyden, The Visitation of the Virgin to Saint Elizabeth (NG1082) | About 1516 | Landscape and trees; green mineral pigment composed mainly of copper sulphate with some alumino-silicate (Al, Si) and probably malachite, mixed with lead white, lead–tin yellow and sometimes black and azurite | SEM–EDX |
Workshop of Goossen van der Weyden, The Flight into Egypt (NG1084) | About 1516 | Green paint of the landscape and trees; green mineral copper green pigment composed mainly of copper sulphate with some alumino-silicate (Al, Si) and probably malachite, mixed with lead white, lead–tin yellow and sometimes black and azurite | SEM–EDX |
Workshop of Joachim Patinir, Saint Jerome in a Rocky Landscape (NG4826) | About 1515 | Green paint of the landscape; green mineral pigment composed mainly of copper sulphate with some alumino-silicate (Al, Si) and probably malachite; mixed with lead white and lead–tin yellow in lighter greens | SEM–EDX |
Follower of Joachim Patinir, Landscape with the Rest on the Flight into Egypt (NG3115) | About 1518–20 | Green paint of the landscape; green mineral pigment composed mainly of copper sulphate with some alumino-silicate (Al, Si) and probably malachite, mixed with varying proportions of lead white, lead–tin yellow and azurite | SEM–EDX |
Albert Cornelis, The Magdalen in a Landscape (NG2585) | About 1520 | Green paint of the landscape and trees; green mineral pigment composed of mainly copper sulphate, some malachite, potassium aluminium silicate (Al, Si, K) and quartz (Si), mixed with lead white and lead–tin yellow | SEM–EDX, Raman microscopy, FTIR microscopy (trans. mode) |
Albert Cornelis and Associates, The Virgin and Child in a Landscape (NG1864) | Probably early 1520s | Green foliage in the landscape; green mineral pigment composed of mainly copper sulphate with some malachite, mixed with lead white and lead–tin yellow | SEM–EDX, ATR-FTIR imaging |
Workshop of Albert Cornelis, The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne (NG1089) | Possibly about 1520 | Green pant of the landscape; green mineral pigment composed of mainly copper sulphate, some malachite | SEM–EDX, ATR-FTIR imaging |
Bernaert van Orley, The Virgin and Child in a Landscape (NG714) | About 1525 | Green paint of the landscape and trees; green mineral pigment composed of mainly copper sulphate, some malachite, potassium aluminium silicate (Al, Si, K) and quartz (Si), mixed with lead white and lead–tin yellow | SEM–EDX |
Jan Gossaert (Jean Gossart), A Man holding a Glove (NG946) | About 1530–32 | Green background; underpaint contains green mineral pigment composed of mainly copper sulphate, with a little malachite, mixed with some lead white and lead–tin yellow (glazed with a thin layer of verdigris) | SEM–EDX FTIR microscopy (trans. mode) |
Follower of Jan van Scorel, A Man with Pansies and a Skull (NG1036) | About 1535 | Green background; green mineral pigment composed of mainly copper sulphate, with a little malachite and quartz, mixed with lead–tin yellow and lead white | SEM–EDX |
Marten van Heemskerck, The Virgin and Saint John the Evangelist (NG6508.1) | About 1540 | Saint John’s green drapery; underpaint contains green mineral pigment composed of mainly copper sulphate, with a little malachite, mixed with lead white (glazed with verdigris) | SEM–EDX; ATR-FTIR imaging |
Netherlandish, A Woman with Prayer Beads (NG1860) | 1540s | Green background; underpaint contains blue-green mineral copper pigment composed of mainly copper sulphate, some malachite, dolomite, silicaceous mineral, mixed with lead–tin yellow and lead white. Glazed thinly with verdigris | SEM–EDX, ATR-FTIR imaging |