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Table 2 Laser activation wavelengths and laser power densities for laboratory-based Raman Spectrometers used

From: Identifying eighteenth century pigments at the Bodleian library using in situ Raman spectroscopy, XRF and hyperspectral imaging

System

Wavelength (nm)

Laser power at sample (mW)

Beam diameter (µm)

Beam area (cm2)

Power density (kW/cm−2)

Horiba LabRAM HR

488

0.4

0.44

1.5 × 10−9

270

Horiba LabRAM HR

532

0.4

0.48

1.8 × 10−9

220

Horiba LabRAM HR

633

0.4

0.57

2.6 × 10−9

150

Horiba LabRAM HR

785

0.4

0.71

4.0 × 10−9

100

Renishaw inVia micro Raman

830

1.1

0.75

4.5 × 10−9

249

Bruker MultiRam

1064

50

100

7.9E−05

0.64

Bruker MultiRam

1064

100

100

7.9E−05

1.27

Bruker MultiRam

1064

150

100

7.9E−05

1.91

Durham bespoke system

633 and 532

0.4

50

1.96 × 10−5

0.02