Table 7 Select results from the analysis of watercolour pigments used by Ferdinand Bauer ca. 1780–1806

MS. Sherard 242: Flora Graeca

Paper Background

Pb, Ca, Ba, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Al, Si, Mn, As, Zn

–

–

242/2: Yellow

Fluorescence covers peaks

–

–

–

242/6: Red

342, 251

–

–

Vermillion

242/6 Yellow

Fluorescence covers peaks

–

–

–

242/11: Brown

1576, 596, 544, 342, 251

–

–

Vermillion and indigo

242/12: Red

342 (s), 279, 252 (vs)

–

Vermillion

242/12: Green

1578 (m), 596, 544

–

Absorbs strongly in infrared

Copper green and Indigo

242/12: Brown

Fluorescence covers peaks

–

–

–

242/21: Green

1578, 596, 544

–

–

Indigo

242/21: Blue

Fluorescence covers peaks

–

–

–

242/24: Red

550, 342, 251, 121

–

–

Red lead and vermillion

242/24: Green

1575, 596, 544

–

Absorbs strongly in infrared

Copper green and indigo

242/29: Red

252 (m), 342 (m) and high degree of fluorescence

–

–

Vermillion and organic red

242/39: White

1048

–

–

Lead white

242/36: Blue outlines

1578, 595, 543

–

–

Indigo

242/36: Green

1577, 596, 542

–

Absorbs strongly in infrared

Copper green and indigo

242/27: Purple

Fluorescence covers peaks

–

–

–

242/27: Blue outlines

1578, 596, 544

–

–

Indigo

242/37: Blue outline

1577, 596, 544

–

–

Indigo

242/37: Yellow-green

1577, 1050 (s), 596, 544,

–

Absorbs strongly in infrared

Copper green, indigo and lead white

242/40: Yellow

Fluorescence covers peaks

Pb, Cu, Fe, Sb (similar level to paper background)

Cu likely from green outline

Unknown yellow and lead white

242/44: Purple

342, 280, 251

–

–

Vermillion and unknown blue

242/56: Red

342, 251

Hg, Cu

Cu likely from green outline

Vermillion

252/56: Purple

342, 250

–

–

Vermillion and unknown blue

252/62: White

1050

–

–

Lead white

252/62: Dark green

1577, 596, 544

–

Absorbs strongly in infrared

Copper green and Indigo

242/81: Dark red

342, 252

–

–

Vermillion

242/81: Dark green

1576, 596, 544

–

Absorbs strongly in infrared

Copper green and indigo

242/84: Green

1577, 596, 544

Cu, Pb, Ca, As (similar level to paper background)

Absorbs strongly in infrared

Copper green, indigo and lead white

242/84: Red

342, 252

Hg, Pb, Ca

–

Vermillion and lead white

242/115: Pink

1314, 341, 252

–

Fluoresces salmon pink under UV

Vermillion and madder lake

242/115: Red

1314

–

–

Carmine/Red lake/madder lake

242/115: Orange-red

550, 342, 252, 120

–

–

Vermillion and red lead

242/115: Orange

550, 120

–

–

Red lead

242/121: Red

342, 250

Hg, Pb, Cu

Vermillion and lead white

242/121: Green

1577, 596, 544

Cu, Pb, Hg

Absorbs strongly in infrared

Copper green, lead white and indigo

242/147: Dark blue

2152 (m), 1578, 544

Pb, Fe, Cu, Co (similar level to paper background)

Indigo, Prussian blue and lead white

242/147: White

1050 (w)

Pb, Cu

–

Lead white

MS. Sherard 239/240: Fauna Graeca

239/23: Orange

342, 251

–

–

Vermillion

239/23: Dark blue

1576, 594, 543

–

–

Indigo

239/23: Orange

552, 121

–

–

Red lead

239/24: Dark blue

2154 (vs)

–

–

Prussian blue

239/28: Blue

2153 (vs)

Prussian blue

240/19: Dark blue

2154, 342, 252

–

–

Vermillion and Prussian blue

240/66: Dark blue

2154, 342, 252

Vermillion and Prussian blue

Orchid Paintings

Paper background

–

Pb, Ca, S, Fe, Co, Cu, Al, Si

–

–

166a: Dark red

–

Fe, Al, Ca, K

Madder/carmine/red lake

166a: Green

–

Ba, Ca, S, Al, K

Organic green lake and Barium white

166b: Blue

–

Ba, Ca, S, Al

Unknown blue and barium white

173b: Blue

539, 1096

Ba, Al, K, S, Fe

Orange ferrous deterioration products

Ultramarine/Lapis lazuli and barium white

173b: Dark Blue

1576, 593, 543

–

–

Indigo

173b: Red

High degree of fluorescence

Fe, S, Si, K

Semi-opaque in infrared

Madder/carmine/red lake

173b: Green

High degree of fluorescence

Fe, K, Si, Al, S

Does not absorb strongly in infrared

Organic green lake

Madrid Colour chart

Paper background

–

Pb, Ca, Fe, Co, Cu, Al, Si

–

–

Yellows (41–61)

Fluorescence covers peaks

Ca, Pb, Cu, Hg

–

–

Reds (1–10)

1314, 1312

Ca, Pb, Ca

FORS peaks at 500 and 560 nm with peak reflectance around 600 nm

Anthraquinones: Madder/carmine/red lake, some with lead white

Reds (11–21)

342, 252

Hg, Pb

–

Vermillion, some with lead white

Blue (80–100)

Fluorescence covers peaks

Cu, Pb, Fe

FORS-NIR absorbance bands at 2285 nm and 2352 nm

Azurite with lead white

Blues (100–120)

Fluorescence covers peaks

Cu (similar level to background), Pb, Fe

Several swatches with absorbance bands at 2285 nm and 2352 nm

Some azurite, together with swatches of an unknown blue and lead white

Greens (121–140)

1578, 596, 544

Cu, Pb

–

Copper green

Whites

–

Pb

–

Lead white

Brown 149

–

Hg, Fe, Mn

–

Brown ochre