Table 3 Analytical techniques used to identify the pigments of the Book of Hours Cofre n.º 31

Yellows

Lead–tin yellow type I: Pb₂SnO₄

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Mosaic gold: SnS₂

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Greens

Malachite: Cu₂CO₃(OH)₂

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Organic lake

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Lead–tin yellow (mixed with malachite)

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Blues

Lapis lazuli: Na₈(Al₆SiO₂₄)S₈

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Azurite: 2CuCO₃–Cu(OH)₂

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Indigo: C₁₆H₁₀N₂O₂

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Orange

Minium: Pb₃O₄

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Reds

Vermilion: HgS

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Organic lake

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Pinks

Brazilwood lake

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Lead white (mixed with brazilwood)

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White

Lead white: [2PbCO₃·Pb(OH)₂]

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Black

Carbon black (C)

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Grey

Mixtures

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Purples

Mixtures

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Browns

Mixtures

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Gold

Gold leaf (Au)

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Gold powder (Au)

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Silver (darkened)

Silver (Ag)

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Additives

Calcium carbonate: CaCO₃

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Gypsum: 2H₂O·CaSO₄

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Protein/polysaccharide bindings

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