Table 1 The four red colourants studied in this work, with the respective chromophores, provenience and chronology of occurrences in the Mediterranean world (in artworks)
From: Microspectrofluorimetry and chemometrics for the identification of medieval lake pigments
Colourant | Main chromophore | Provenience | Chronology |
|---|---|---|---|
Brazilwood Caesalpinia spp. Haematoxylum brasiletto |
Brazilein | Asia South-America | From 13th From 16th |
Kermes Kermes vermilio |
Kermesic acid | Mediterranean Morocco Algeria | BC-15th c. |
Cochineal Dactylopius coccus Porphyrophora spp. |
Carminic acid | South-America Eastern Europe | From 15th |
Lac dye Kerria lacca |
Laccaic acid A | India Indochina South of China | From 12th |
