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Table 1 Table of characterised pigments and dyes

From: Illuminating the Carolingian era: new discoveries as a result of scientific analyses

Manuscript name

Godescalc Evangelistary

Saint-Denis’s Gospels

St. Médard de Soissons’s Gospels

Theodulf’s Bible

Theodulf’s Bible

Saint-Riquier’s Gospels

Mark

NAL1203

lat.9387

lat.8850

lat.11937

lat. 9380

BM.04

Date

781–783

End of the 8th c.

c.800

Early 9th c.

801–818

Before 800

Blue

Woad − indigo (and + white/and + Egyptian blue (f3v))

Woad − indigo lapis azurite

Woad − indigo (and + white) lapis (and + white) azurite (and + white)

Woad − indigo

Woad − indigo (and + white)

Woad − indigo (+ azurite (fl1, 15v, 16)/+ lapis (fl7v, f66v, f153v))

Purple

Folium − orchil (and woad indigo + folium)

Orchil/folium

Orchil/folium (and lapis + folium)

Orchil/folium

Orchil/folium

Orchil/folium

Green

Verdigris (and + white)

Verdigris woad+orpiment

Verdigris (and + indigo/and+yellow) woad +orpiment

Woad+orpiment

Woad+orpiment

Woad +orpiment verdigris (f153v)

Red

Ochre (and + lead orange)

Cinnabar − vermillion ( + folium)

Ochre

Orange +organic ?

Orange +organic ?

Ochre

Orange

Lead orange

Yellow + red (cinnabar − verrnillion)

Lead orange

Lead orange

Lead orange

Lead orange

Pink

Folium − orchil + white and orange + white

Red + white

Red + white

White + purple

Yellow

Orpiment yellow ochre

Orpiment

Orpiment yellow ochre

Orpiment

Orpiment

Orpiment

White

Lead white

Lead white

Lead white

Lead white

Lead white

Lead white

Black

Carbon black

Carbon black

Carbon black (probably)

Carbon black