Fig. 16

Raman spectra of red pigments used by the Master of the Houghton Miniatures. a Spectrum (633 nm) of red nose in St. Anthony, border (f. 100r). Note that peaks around 1050 cm⁻¹ are due to the presence of lead white (see Table 4 and Fig. 2b, spot 1; see Fig. 15f). Note in Fig. 15f that the mouth is vermilion. b Reference spectrum (633 nm) for red lead (Forbes Pigment Collection). c Spectrum (633 nm) of red in finger of St. Anthony, miniature (f. 99v) (see Table 3 and Fig. 2a, spot 8). d Reference spectrum (633 nm) for vermilion (Forbes Pigment Collection)