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Table 1 Advanced materials and technologies studied

From: The Hidden Face of Cultural Heritage: a science window for the dissemination of elementary knowledge of risk and vulnerability in cultural heritage

Map code

Explanation file title

Elements in the exhibition

Aims

Science involved (materials and methods)

Concept

1: materials

2: heritage pieces

3: analytical techniques

4: systems risk/vulnerability

Target audience

A: all publics

C: children

R: researchers

Type of activity

H: handwork

C: computer use

R: reading

L: listening

Risk-1

Risks in cultural heritage

Guide file

Andalusian risk map

Software (vulnerability matrix and fuzzy)

Webpage and videos

Scientific session posters

Explaining the differences between hazard and risk

Geographic information systems and vulnerability assessment applied to the analysis of hazards and degree of conservation in cultural heritage. Risk Maps

4

A, R

C, R, L

Risk-2

From cheers to graffiti

Guide file

Samples of stone with different types of graffiti and cleaning tests

Optical microscope images with cuts of marble with graffiti before and after cleaning

Web page

Scientific session posters

Explaining the chromatic alterations caused by graffiti

Concern about the hazards of vandalism

Characterization of stone materials and weathering forms due to graffiti

Cleaning methods (laser ablation, chemical cleaning, water jet…)

1, 3

A, C, R

H, C, R, L

Risk-3

Damage due to soluble salts on porous materials.

Guide file

Stones after salt weathering tests

Web page

Scientific session posters

Explaining efflorescence damage

Concern about hazards associated with saline mediums

Characterization of stone materials and efflorescence

Accelerated weathering tests

1, 3

A, C, R

C, R, L

Risk-4

Did you know that…? Salts can crystallize forming different minerals depending on the temperature and humidity conditions

Guide file

Stones after salt weathering tests

Web page

Scientific session posters

Explaining efflorescence damage

Concern about hazards associated with saline mediums in different thermo-hygrometric conditions

Characterisation of stone materials and efflorescence

Accelerated weathering tests depending on humidity and temperature conditions. Vulnerability associated with salts and thermo-hygrometric conditions

1, 2, 3, 4

A, R

C, R, L

Risk-5

Deposits and black crusts

Guide file

Stratigraphies of stone and mortars with crust and deposits due to atmospheric pollution

Web page

Optical microscope

Web page

Scientific session posters

Explaining the alteration by black crusts and deposits

Concern about the hazards associated with pollution in cities

Characterization of mortar and stone with black crust and deposits

Vulnerability associated with atmospheric contamination

1, 2, 3, 4

A, R

H, C, R, L

Risk-6

Did you know that…? Some pigments cannot be used on frescoes because they change colour

Guide file

Pigments and laboratory materials to produce colour changes

Stratigraphies

Optic microscope

Study of the vulnerability of wall paintings, especially frescoes

Need to know the stratigraphies in restoration processes to avoid damage

Study of the vulnerability of fresco paintings and the necessity of knowing the stratigraphies in restoration processes to avoid damage

1, 3, 4

A, C. R

H, R, L

Method-1

Non-destructive techniques applied to the study of risk in cultural heritage

Guide file

Web page

IT equipment

Scientific session posters

Study of vulnerability by non-destructive techniques

Explanation of the use of accelerometers, ultrasounds or FBG sensors (fiber Bragg grating)

3

A, R

C, R, L

Method-2

Technology applied to restoration

Guide file

Inert gas treatment for wooden sculpture in a plastic bag

DNA identification for biological materials

Web page

IT equipment

Explaining the study of vulnerability by non-destructive or minimally invasive techniques that allow materials and their pathologies to be characterized

Explaining the use of inert gas to stop bio-deterioration

Explanation of γ-graphics, radiographies, digital image analysis, infrared and ultraviolet reflectography and ultrasound waves during the restoration process

Biology identification using molecular biology (PCR)

Explanation of a real case in situ, biology attack on wood, and how it can be eliminated using inert gas by anoxia

3

A, R

H, C, R, L

Method-3

Porosity

Guide file

Tests of different materials

Weights and water

Point-load equipment

Web page

Scientific session posters

Explaining porosity and its role in cultural heritage vulnerability

Explaining the method of measuring porosity by capillarity in atmospheric conditions

Assess the relationship between porosity and comprehensive resistance

1, 3

A, C, R

H, C, R, L

Method-4

Ultrasound (US) analysis

Guide file

Tests of different materials

US equipment

Web page

Scientific session posters

Explaining the speed of propagation of ultrasounds

Assess the vulnerability of materials by US propagation

Explaining the method of measuring vulnerability by auscultation the speed of US propagation

Evaluating porosity by US propagation speed

1, 3

A, R

H, C, R, L

Method-5

Accelerated weathering tests

Guide file

Trials of samples in different environments

Web page

Scientific session poster

Explaining simulated atmosphere tests and their role in the study of vulnerability

Explaining accelerated weathering tests and the way of evaluating the restoration products

1, 3

A, R

C, R, L

Method-6

Thermographic analysis

Guide file

Thermographic equipment

Web page

Scientific session posters

Explaining thermography and its role in cultural heritage vulnerability

Explaining the thermographic method and its relationship with freezing cycles

3, 4

A, R

H, C, R, L

Method-7

Did you know that…? Digital processing techniques were first applied in journalism

Guide file

Software

Web page

Scientific session posters

Digital analysis image in diagnosis

Explaining vulnerability and its evaluation using digital image analysis

The study of the lions of the Alhambra (Granada)

3

A, R

C, R, L

Method-8

Building crack monitoring

Guide file

IT equipment and camera

Explaining the study of vulnerability using non-destructive techniques

Explaining the laser equipment used in 3D scan

3

A, R

C, R, L

Method-9

3D Technology

Guide file

IT equipment

3D printer

3D prints

Explaining the study of vulnerability using non-destructive techniques

Possibilities of 3D printing for the dissemination of CH for blinders

Explaining the application of digitalizing, printing and 3D construction techniques in the cultural heritage field

3

A, R

H, C, R, L

Method-10

Augmented reality

Guide file

IT equipment

Explaining the application of non-destructive techniques in the diagnosis process

Explaining the merging of real and virtual worlds through a technological process and its use in archaeological sites

3

A, R

C, R, L

Method-11

Did you know that…? There are standards to certify the freezing resistance of ceramic materials

Guide file

IT equipment

Understanding the objectives of quality standards in diagnosis

Need for quality standards to be able to guarantee and compare the results of characterisation

3

A, R

C, R, L

Method-12

Did you know that…? In Rafael’s original drawing there was a dog instead of a unicorn?

Guide file

Web page

To discover hidden drawings, signatures, …

Infrared light can pass through painting film. When it hits black carbon particles (underdrawings) it is absorbed and a camera with an IR detector can see underdrawings as a dark area. It can be used in paintings/manuscripts/documents

1, 2, 3

A, R

C, R, L

Method-13

Did you know that?…UV radiation does not only enable us to detect counterfeit notes.

Guide file

Dark room and UV light to see the altarpiece of Saint Therese

Identification of original and added layers of varnishes

Aged varnishes can be detected under UV light because they light up. Retouches appear as dark areas and original varnishes appear as bright areas

3

A, R

H, C, R, L

Case-1

Virgen de la Antigua restoration

Guide file

Optical microscope

UV light, IR, radiography and surface light studio

Optical microscope

Stratigraphy

Altarpiece of Saint Therese

Project memories

Characterisation of artworks for diagnosis

Finding out the layers of paintings

UV and IR applications (Methods 12 and 13)

X-ray radiation can go through materials depending on their composition. X-ray images show dark areas when materials are made of elements with low atomic weight and bright areas when materials are made of elements with a high atomic weight

Special imaging technique to identify defects in masterpieces lit from a low angle

Identification of the components of the paint layers by optic microscopy using high magnification

2

A, R

H, C, R, L

Case-2

Cadiz Cathedral

Guide file

Web page

Scientific session posters

Project memories

Knowing the vulnerability of a real case related to efflorescence, relative humidity and temperature

Applications of microclimatic control and SEM–EDX for vulnerability studies by efflorescence, relative humidity and temperature

2, 4

A, R

C, R. L

Case-3

The Chapel of Falla

Cadiz Cathedral

Guide file

Software

Web page

Scientific session posters

Project memories

Composition and extension of efflorescence

Quantification of weathering degrees

Application of digital image processing to evaluate damages by efflorescence

2, 4

A, R

C, R. L

Case-4

The courtyard of the lions, Alhambra (Granada, Spain)

Guide file

Infrared camera

Web page

Scientific session posters

Project memories

Relationship between thermal changes and surface decay

Thermography applied to the columns and Lions in the Alhambra (Granada). Explaining thermography in a real case

2, 4

A, R

H, C, R. L

Case-5

Did you know that…? A lot of silver objects are made of lead or copper with a thin layer of silver

Guide file

Metallic pieces and stratigraphies

Web page

Scientific session poster

Project memories

Application of SEM–EDX to the study of metallic materials and their alterations

Patent Concept “Plata Ruolz”

SEM–EDX facilitates the chemical analysis of small pieces

3, 4

A, R

C, R. L

Case-6

Did you know that…? The use of Prussian blue in the composition of a painting can indicate the date it was painted?

Guide file

Optic microscope and stratigraphies

Web page

Project memories

Characterisation of artworks

Dating

Dating with pigments

Microscope on the study of stratigraphies of paintings

2, 3, 4

A, R

H, C, R. L

Case-7

Restoration of Virgen del Rosario (Santo Domingo Church, Granada)

Guide file

Optic Microscope

UV lighting room

Gemstones and metallic studies.

GvSIG Application

Scientific session posters

Project memories

Characterization and diagnosis of artworks

Characterization and database referencing techniques in diagnosis

2, 4

A, R

C, R. L

Case-8

Restoration of a canopy (Virgen del Mayor Dolor, Aracena, Huelva)

Guide file

Optic Microscope, SEM–EDX, LIBS

Scientific session posters

Project memories

Characterization and diagnosis of artworks

Characterization and diagnosis of artworks

2, 4

A, R

C, R. L

Game-1

Card games

ICOMOS glossary about the identification of material pathologies

Image screen and collage

Scientific session posters

Pairing game for kids with weathering forms

Study of vulnerability by the identification of pathologies

Explaining the analysis in situ of weathering forms, their relationship with agents and the physical–chemical mechanisms

3, 4

C

H, L