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Table 1 Position and attribution of the marker bands for binders and selected blue, white and green pigments

From: Non-invasive identification of paint binders in illuminated manuscripts by ER-FTIR spectroscopy: a systematic study of the influence of different pigments on the binders’ characteristic spectral features

Pigment/binder

Wavenumber (cm−1)

Assignment

Distortion type

Gum Arabic, polysaccharide

3350

ν(O–H)

Derivative

1604

δ(O–H)

Derivative

1020

ν(C–O)

Inverted

Egg yolk, lipid + proteinaceous

4399, 4266

ν + δ(C–H)

 

1740

ν(C=O)

Derivative

Egg white, proteinaceous

1693

AI

Derivative

1560

AII

Derivative

Whole egg, lipid + proteinaceous

1740

ν(C=O)

Derivative

1693

AI

Derivative

1560

AII

Derivative

Natural ultramarine, Na3Ca(Al3Si3O12)S

2343

ν3(CO2)

 

≈ 2100

2ν(Si–O)

 

1016

ν(Si–O)

Inverted

French (synthetic) ultramarine, Na3Ca(Al3Si3O12)S

≈ 2100

2ν(Si–O)

 

1022

ν(Si–O)

Inverted

Azurite, Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2

4375, 4252

3 and ν + δ(O–H)

 

2589, 2550, 2501

ν1 + ν3 and/or 2ν2 + ν4

 

1881

ν1 + ν4

 

1500

ν3

Inverted

1090

ν1

Derivative

820

ν2

Derivative

744

ν4

Derivative

563, 505

ν(Cu–O)

Inverted

Smalt, Cobalt-bearing silicate glass

≈2100

2ν(Si–O)

 

1083

ν(Si–O)

Inverted

Calcite, CaCO3

4268

3

 

≈2514 + 2591

ν1 + ν3 and/or 2ν2 + ν4

 

1796

ν1 + ν4

 

≈ 1560

ν3

Inverted

≈ 881

ν2

Derivative

≈ 715

ν4

Derivative

Lead white (hydrocerussite), Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2

4340

3 and ν + δ(O–H)

 

3566

ν(O–H)

Derivative

2428

ν1 + ν3 and/or 2ν2 + ν4

 

1740

ν1 + ν4

 

1415

ν3

Inverted

834

ν2

Derivative

690

ν4

Derivative

Gypsum, CaSO4∙2H2O

5136, 5064 sh

ν13(O–H) + ν2(O–H)

 

3548, 3500, 3435

ν(O–H)

Derivative

2233

3, ν2 + νL H2O

 

2124

ν1 + ν3

 

1146

ν3

Inverted

674

ν4

Inverted

Malachite, Cu2CO3(OH)2

4401, 4252

3 and ν + δ(O–H)

 

3423

ν(O–H)

 

2541, 2422

ν1 + ν3 and/or 2ν2 + ν4,o

 

1798

ν1 + ν4

 

1466, 1431

ν3

Inverted

1081

ν1

Derivative

952

δ(O–H)

 

837

ν2

Derivative

452

ν(Cu–O)

Inverted

Green earth, K(Mg, Fe2+)(Fe3+, Al)[Si4O10](OH)2

3575, 3673

νO–H

 

≈ 2100

2ν(Si–O)

 

1029

ν(Si–O)

Inverted

Lead–tin yellow, Pb2SnO4

569

ν(Pb2SnO4)

Inverted

504

ν(Pb2SnO4)

Inverted

459

ν(Pb2SnO4)

Inverted

427

ν(Pb2SnO4)

Inverted

Minium, Pb3O4

525

ν(Pb–O)

Inverted

435

ν(Pb–O)

Inverted

  1. The data refers to the spectra collected in ER-FTIR mode. The pigments’ assignments are related to the paintouts bound in egg white. Combination and overtones do not show any distortions; when the absorptions are affected by derivative-like distortion, the wavenumber is related to the inflection point; sh stands for shoulder. Attributions are based on previous literature, cited in the text