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Table 3 Characteristic Raman features of the compounds detected on the samples

From: A Raman micro-spectroscopy study of 77,000 to 71,000 year old ochre processing tools from Sibudu, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

Name (chemical formula)

Band wavenumber (cm−1)

Figures

References

Anatase (TiO2)

140–6, 399, 516, 636–41

2, 3, 4, 7, S1, S2, S3, S4, S5

[37]

Amorphous carbon (C)

1589–1616, 1357–79

2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, S1, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7

[35]

Bone hydroxyapatite (~ Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2)

962

7, S5, S7

[25]

Calcium carbonate (CaCO3)

1086

S5

[42]

Feldspar

107, 177, 265–8, 450–6, 475–8, 510–4, 650, 747–50, 812–3

5, S3

[41]

Goethite (α-FeO(OH))

93–5, 247–53, 299–309, 397–405, 480, 557–65, 649–61, 680–97

3, 6, 7, S1, S2, S4

[33]

Haematite (α-Fe2O3)

220–8, 243–7, 290–9, 403–14, 493–501, 604–17, 649–61, 1312–29

2, 3, 5, 6, 7, S1, S3, S4, S5, S6

[33]

Maghemite (γ-Fe2O3)

117, 197, 361, 497–501, 698–722, 1426

2, 3, 4, 5, 7

[23]

Manganese oxides

146–52, 195–208, 393–405, 495–505, 572–83, 600–15, 622–3, 658–70

2, 3, 5, 6, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6

[34]

 

444, 501, 606, 654

4

 
 

203, 406, 501–7, 580–2, 643–9

4, S5

 
 

503, 561, 645

S3

 

(Mixture manganese and iron oxides and oxyhydroxides)

142, 197, 290, 385, 427, 487–92, 534, 593, 649, 726, 1208

S1

 

Quartz (SiO2)

128–30, 206, 463–7

2, 3, 5, 7,

[36]