Consolidant system | % Open porosity (v/v) Before weathering | % Open porosity (v/v) After weathering | Absorption coefficient (g/m2 s0.5) Before weathering | Absorption coefficient (g/m2 s0.5) After weathering | Water absorption (%, w/w, @ 24 h) Before weathering | Water absorption (%, w/w, @ 24 h) After weathering |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Consolidant applied by brush | ||||||
Untreated limestone | 39.9 | 39.6 | 10.26 ± 0.63 | 7.72 ± 0.44 | 13.52 ± 0.47 | 13.92 ± 0.13 |
TEOS | – | – | 3.54 ± 1.25 | 2.73 ± 0.38 | 12.53 ± 0.50 | 13.34 ± 0.18 |
Epoxy–silica | – | – | 6.84 ± 1.01 | 6.64 ± 0.88 | 13.21 ± 0.50 | 13.63 ± 1.40 |
Epoxy–silica + nanoparticles | – | – | 8.57 ± 1.56 | 8.41 ± 1.51 | 13.39 ± 0.03 | 13.70 ± 0.22 |
Epoxy–silica + modified nanoparticles | – | – | 7.71 ± 0.41 | 7.91 ± 1.45 | 13.36 ± 0.43 | 13.80 ± 0.12 |
Consolidant applied by immersion | ||||||
Untreated limestone | 39.9 | 39.6 | 10.26 ± 0.63 | 7.72 ± 0.44 | 13.52 ± 0.47 | 13.92 ± 0.13 |
TEOS | 35.5 | 39.9 | 0.52 ± 0.37 | 0.20 ± 0.04 | 3.88 ± 2.67 | 1.70 ± 0.30 |
Epoxy–silica | 35.6 | 39.5 | 0.14 ± 0.05 | 2.37 ± 0.54 | 2.78 ± 1.61 | 12.40 ± 0.41 |
Epoxy–silica + nanoparticles | 33.9 | 39.5 | 0.49 ± 0.20 | 3.49 ± 0.71 | 5.57 ± 6.77 | 12.47 ± 0.12 |
Epoxy–silica + modified nanoparticles | 34.2 | 35.8 | 6.10 ± 0.89 | 7.87 ± 2.00 | 12.33 ± 0.16 | 12.57 ± 0.05 |