From: Recent progress in instrumental techniques for architectural heritage materials
Color | Pigment name | Chemical formula | Band wavenumber (cm−1) and relative intensity | Chromophore | Sampling site | Refs. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Black | Ivory black | Ca3(PO4)2 + C +MgSO4 | 961m; 1325vs; 1580vs | C | Wall painting | |
Lamp black | C | 1325vs; 1580vs | C | Wall painting | [145] | |
Blue | Azurite | Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 | 145w; 180w; 250m; 284w; 335w; 403vs; 545w; 746sh; 767m; 839m; 940w; 1098m; 1432m; 1459w; 1580m; 1623vw | Cu2+ | Marble monument/wall painting | [146] |
Cerulean blue | CoO·nSnO2 | 495m; 532s; 674vs | Co2+ | Wall painting | [147] | |
Cobalt blue | CoO·Al2O3 | 203vs; 512vs | Co2+ | Glazed tile decorative material | [148] | |
Egyptian blue | CaCuSi4O10 | 114m; 137m; 200w; 230w; 358m; 377m; 430vs; 475m; 571w; 597vw; 762w; 789w; 992w; 1012w; 1040w; 1086s | Cu2+ | Wall painting | ||
Lazurite | Na8[Al6Si6O24]Sn | 258w; 548vs; 822w; 1096m | S3− | Wooden tower/monstrance | ||
Posnjakite | CuSO4·3Cu(OH)2·H2O | 135vw; 208vw; 278vw; 327vw; 467w; 612w; 983vs; 1092vw; 1139vw | Cu2+ | Copper-based alloy/wall painting | ||
Prussian blue | Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3·14-16H2O | 282vw; 538vw; 2102m; 2154vs | Fe3+ | Damaged stuccowork/wooden materials | [152] | |
Smalt | CoO·nSiO2 | 462vs; 917m | Co2+ | Wall painting | [136] | |
Green | Atacamite | CuCl2·3Cu(OH)2 | 122m; 149m; 360w; 513vs; 821m; 846s; 911s; 974s | Cu2+ | Wall painting | [153] |
Chromium oxide | Cr2O3 | 221vw; 308w; 349w; 552vs; 611w | Cr3+ | Wall painting | [154] | |
Cobalt green | CoO·nZnO | 328br; 434vs; 471m; 555s | Co2+ | Wall painting | [155] | |
Chrysocolla | CuSiO3·nH2O | 274w; 331w; 429w; 460w; 674w; 744w; 906vw; 938vw | Cu2+ | Wall painting | [156] | |
Green earth | Variations on K[(Al3+, Fe3+)(Fe2+, Mg2+)] | 1194w; 1225m; 1270w; 1350s; 1459w; 1486m; 1600s | Fe2+, Fe3+ | Wall painting | [157] | |
Malachite | Cu2(CO)3(OH)2 | 155s; 178s; 217m; 268m; 354m; 433vs; 509m; 533s; 558w; 757vw; 1051m; 1085m; 1492vs | Cu2+ | Wall painting/glass | ||
Verdigris | Cu(C2H3O2)2·2Cu(OH)2 | 139vw; 181w; 231w; 328w; 392w; 512w; 618w; 680w; 939s; 1351w; 1417m; 1441m; 1552w; 2937vs; 2988m; 3026w | Cu2+ | Stone architecture | [159] | |
Scheele’s green | Cu(AsO2)2 | 136s; 201m; 236w; 275m; 370vs; 445w; 495m; 537vw; 657vw; 780s | Cu2+ | Polychrome decoration of architectural facade | [160] | |
Orange | Mars orange | Fe2O3 | 224vs; 291vs; 407m; 494w; 608m | Fe3+ | Glazed tile decorative material | [161] |
Red | Litharge | PbO | 145vs; 285vw; 336w | Pb2+ | Wall painting | [162] |
Cinnabar | α-HgS | 544vs; 478s; 390w; 312w; 227w; 161w | Hg2+ | Stone architecture/wall painting | ||
Realgar | α-As4S4 | 142w; 164w; 171w; 182vs; 192s; 220s; 233m; 327vw; 342m; 354s; 367w; 375w | As2+ | Wall painting | [165] | |
Red lead | Pb3O4 | 122vs; 149m; 223w; 313w; 340vw; 390w; 480vw; 548vs | Pb2+, Pb4+ | Wall painting | ||
Vermilion | HgS | 252vs; 282w; 343m | Hg2+ | Polychrome decoration of wooden structure | [167] | |
Red ochre | Fe2O3 + clay + silica | 220vs; 286vs; 402m; 491w; 601w | Fe3+ | Stone architecture/wall painting | ||
Yellow | Barium yellow | BaCrO4 | 352m; 355sh; 403w; 427vw; 863vs; 901m | Cr6+ | Wooden tower | [16] |
Cadmium yellow | CdS | 304vs; 609s | Cd2+ | Wall painting | [168] | |
Chrome yellow | PbCrO4 | 338w; 360s; 372m; 403w; 841vs | Pb2+, Cr4+ | Wall painting | [145] | |
Cobalt yellow | K3[Co(NO2)6]·xH2O | 179m; 274s; 304vs; 821vs; 836m; 1257w; 1326vs; 1398w | Co2+ | Wall painting | [168] | |
Gamboge | C38H44O8 and C29H36O6 | 1215w; 1246m; 1265w; 1330w; 1433m; 1592s; 1633m | Gambocic acid | Wall painting | [150] | |
Indian yellow | MgC19H16O11·5H2O | 484w; 610w; 631w; 697w; 772vw; 811w; 877vw; 1009vw; 1047w; 1097w; 1127s; 1178m; 1218m; 1266vw; 1345s; 1414w; 1476s; 1503s; 1599vs | Euxanthic acid | Wall painting | [18] | |
Lead tin yellow | Pb2SnO4 | 129vs; 196s; 275w; 291w; 303w; 379w; 457m; 525w | Pb2+, Sn4+ | Glazed tile | [148] | |
Massicot | PbO | 143vs; 289s; 385w | Pb2+ | Wall painting | [63] | |
Naples yellow | Pb2Sb2O7 | 140vs; 329m; 448w | Pb2+, Sb5+ | Wall painting | [18] | |
Orpiment | As2S3 | 136w; 154s; 181vw; 202w; 220vw; 230vw; 292m; 309s; 353vs; 381w | As3+ | Monstrance | [133] | |
Saffron | C20H24O4 | 1165m; 1210w; 1282vw; 1536vs | Crocetin | Wall painting | [169] | |
Zinc yellow | ZnCrO4 | 343m; 357sh; 370w; 409w; 772w; 872vs; 892m; 941m | Cr6+ | Copper-alloy monuments | [170] | |
White | Barium white | BaSO4 | 453m; 461w; 616w; 647w; 988vs | – | Stucco surface | [171] |
Zinc white | ZnO | 331w; 383w; 438vs | – | Stone surface | [172] | |
Lead white | 2PbCO3·Pb(OH)2 | 667vw; 665vw; 687vw; 829vw; 1050vs | – | Stone surface | [173] | |
Bone white | Ca3(PO4)2 | 431w; 590w; 961vs; 1046w; 1071vw | – | Wall painting | [174] | |
Chalk | CaCO3 | 157vw; 282vw; 1088vs | – | Stone architecture | [175] | |
Gypsum | CaSO4·2H2O | 181w; 414m; 493w; 619vw; 670vw; 1007vs; 1132m | – | Stone architecture | [36] | |
Lithopone | ZnS + BaSO4 | 216w; 276vw; 342m; 453m; 461w; 616w; 647w; 988vs | – | Wall painting | [165] |