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Table 1 Characteristics of scanning systems used to capture painting topography, including: the scanning technique, modalities captured by the 3D scanners, resolution, scanner field-of-view (or scan tile), orientation of the painting, size of the automated scanning range, the flexibility to scan large areas (yes or no), scanning speed, and a short description of the scan setup

From: Comparison of three 3D scanning techniques for paintings, as applied to Vermeer’s ‘Girl with a Pearl Earring’

 

Scanning technique

Scan modalities

Resolution (XY)

Accuracy (Z)

Field of view (scan tile)

Orient.

Autom. range

Flex. range\(^{\mathrm{a}}\)

Scan speed

Scan setup

Top.

Colour

Laser triangulation

Blais et al. [9, 10]

RGB laser spot triangulation

\(\times\)

\(\times\)

\(60\,\upmu \hbox {m}\)

\(10\,\upmu \hbox {m}\)

N/A

v

\(40\,\hbox {mm}\times 120\,\hbox {mm}\)

y

\(\approx 23\hbox { h}/\hbox {m}^{2}\)

Tripod, manual positioning

Verus Art [11, 12]

RGB laser spot triangulation

\(\times\)

\(\times\)

\(100\,\upmu \hbox {m}\)

N/A

N/A

v

\(\approx 1\hbox { m}\times 1\hbox { m}{}^{\mathrm{b}}\)

n(?)

N/A

Automated XY-frame(?)

Factum Arte [13, 14]

Laser line triangulation

\(\times\)

 

\(100\,\upmu \hbox {m}\)

\(25\,\upmu \hbox {m}\)

N/A

v

\(480\,\hbox {mm}\times 480\,\hbox {mm}\)

y

\(4\hbox { h}/\hbox {m}^{2}\)

Partial XY-automation, manual positioning on larger frame

Del Sette et al. [24]

Laser spot triangulation

\(\times\)

 

\(50\,\upmu \hbox {m}\) (X), \(20\,\hbox {mm}\) (Y)

\(20\,\upmu \hbox {m}\)

N/A

v

\(300\,\hbox {mm}\times 300\,\hbox {mm}\)

y

\(0.8\hbox { h}/\hbox {m}^{2}\)

Partial XY-automation, manual positioning on larger frame

Van Gogh Museum [15]

Laser triangulation

\(\times\)

 

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Structured light projection

Akca et al. [16]

Structured light projection

\(\times\)

\(\times\)

\(60\,\upmu \hbox {m}\)

\(15\,\upmu \hbox {m}\)

\(60\,\hbox {mm}\times 80\,\hbox {mm}\)

v

Not automated

y

N/A

Tripod, manual positioning

Breuckmann [18]

Structured light projection

\(\times\)

\(\times\)

\(40\,\upmu \hbox {m}\)

\(5\,\upmu \hbox {m}\)

\(\approx 100\,\hbox {mm}\times 125\,\hbox {mm}\)

v

Not automated

y

\(\approx 5\hbox { h}/\hbox {m}^{2}\)

Tripod, manual positioning

Karaszewski et al. [17]

Structured light projection

\(\times\)

\(\times\)

\(\approx 60\,\upmu \hbox {m}^{\mathrm{c}}\)

N/A

\(50\,\hbox {mm} \times 50\,\hbox {mm}\)

v

\(\approx 2\,\hbox {m}\times 2\,\hbox {m}\)

n

\(\approx 270\hbox { h}/\hbox {m}^{2\mathrm{d}}\)

XY-automation, manual Z-alignment

Zaman et al. [19, 26] \(^{\mathrm{e}}\)

Structured light projection

\(\times\)

\(\times\)

\(50\,\upmu \hbox {m}\)

\(38\,\upmu \hbox {m}\)

\(\approx 170\,\hbox {mm}\times 100\,\hbox {mm}\)

v

1 m (X)

y

\(5\hbox { h}/\hbox {m}^{2}\)

Linear automation (X) on tripod, manual positioning per row

Palma et al. [25]

Structured light projection

\(\times\)

 

\(500\,\upmu \hbox {m}\)

N/A

\(1100\,\hbox {mm}\times 900\,\hbox {mm}\)

v

Not automated

y

N/A

Tripod, manual positioning

Focus variation microscopy

Van den Berg et al. [23]

Focus variation microscopy

\(\times\)

\(\times\)

\(\approx 1\,\upmu \hbox {m}\)

\(2.5\,\upmu \hbox {m}^{\rm f}\)

\(\approx 1\,\hbox {mm}\times 2\,\hbox {mm}\)

h

None used

n

N/A

Microscope stage, small samples

Cacciari et al. [22]

Focus variation microscopy

\(\times\)

\(\times\)

\(\approx 60\,\upmu \hbox {m}\)

unknown

\(\approx 1\,\hbox {mm}\times 1.3\,\hbox {mm}\)

h

Not automated

n

N/A

XY-frame, re-positioning(?)

  1. aThe flexibility of the scanning range is judged negatively, if the frame limits the size of the painting to be scanned, or in the case of using a cartesian frame, which is deemed difficult to extend or move
  2. bEstimated based on video footage of scanner
  3. cEstimated based on projector resolution and specified field-of-view
  4. dReported time includes data processing
  5. eThis system can be regarded as the predecessor of the High-Res and Std-Res 3D scan systems used in this case study
  6. fAlthough advertised at this level of accuracy, the authors mention that this is probably not realistic based on their findings