Fig. 13

Sulfur K-edge XANES spectra recorded from three wood samples from the Ghost shipwreck (red = outer surface; blue = sub-surface; magenta = interior). The energy of an absorption edge (peak) increases with increasing oxidation state of the atom. Thus, elemental sulfur is observed at a lower energy than sulfate. The analysis shown here demonstrated an increase in sulfates compared to elemental sulfur in the outer surface of the wreck. (Reproduced from Fors et al. [29] under a creative commons licence)