Indian Ocean trade connections: characterization and commercial routes of torpedo jars

Heritage Science

Table 1 Samples and analytical techniques applied

Site	Sample ID	Colour (Munsell Index [55])	Optical microscopy	XRD	SEM	GC/MS
Alagankulam, South-east India	AMG1	5 YR 8/4	+			+
	AGM2	5 YR 7/4	+			+
	AGM3	5 YR 8/3 Note: not visible residue	+			–
	AGM4	5 YR 7/6 Note: not visible residue	+			–
	AGM5	5 YR 7/4	+	+		+
	AGM6	5 YR 8/4	+			+
	AGM7	5 YR 8/4	+	+		+
	AGM8	10 YR 7/2	+		+	+
	AGM9	5 YR 8/3	+			+
	AGM10	10 YR 7/2	+	+		+
	AGM11	5 YR 8/3	+	+		+
	AGM12	10 YR 7/3 Note: not visible residue	+	+		–
	AGM13	5 YR 8/4	+		+	+
	AGM14	10 YR 7/4	+	+		+
Al Hamr al-Sharqiya 1 on Inqitat	OM1	10 YR 7/4	+	+		+
	OM2	10 YR 7/3	+	+	+	+
	OM3	10 YR 7/3	+	+		+
	OM4	10 YR 7/3	+	+		+

Reference samples of bitumen were also analyzed; bitumen sample from Babylonia area was provided by Dr Esaim Fadhel Khalfa from the University of Babylon, Iraq and sample from Middle East (Judea) came from Kremer Pigmente GmbH (Germany)