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Heritage Science

Table 1 Chemical composition by IC and pH of the groundwater in Taya Caves, the water of the nearby pond, and rainwater, averaged over the 2019 and 2020 samplings

From: Taya Caves, a Buddhist marvel hidden in underground Japan: stone properties, deterioration, and environmental setting

 

Caves' interior

Caves' exterior

Turtle hall

Asahina's Benzaiten

Pond

Rain

Na+

11.0 (± 1.4)

6.9 (± 0.7)

9.6

1.3

Mg2+

7.7 (± 1.4)

4.4 (± 0.9)

8.5

0.2

K+

2.0 (± 0.4)

1.4 (± 0.2)

2.8

1.1

Ca2+

32.9 (± 12.2)

12.8 (± 3.8)

31.6

0.7

 

Caves' interior

Caves' exterior

Turtle hall

Asahina's Benzaiten

Pond

Rain

NO3–

0.4 (± 0.2)

0.4 (± 0.1)

0.6

0.1

SO42–

26.5 (± 5.0)

19.8 (± 3.3)

47.9

2.6

Cl–

22.6 (± 2.3)

8.6 (± 1.1)

20.0

2.4

 

Caves' interior

Caves' exterior

Turtle hall

Asahina's Benzaiten

Pond

Rain

pH

7.5 (± 0.2)

7.2 (± 0.2)

7.4

6.3

  1. Ion concentrations are in ppm, pH is dimensionless
  2. The values in parentheses are standard deviations
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