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Table 2 Bulk chemical composition of Taya stone, differentiating between the brown- and grey-colored facies, and samples representative of some weathering patterns, determined by XRF

From: Taya Caves, a Buddhist marvel hidden in underground Japan: stone properties, deterioration, and environmental setting

 

Rock

Weathering

 

Brown facies

Grey facies

Gypsum crusts

Early sulfation

Efflorescences

Orange patinas

Na2O

1.74

1.74

0.20

1.74

1.60

1.02

MgO

2.37

3.58

0.53

3.26

2.90

1.85

Al2O3

16.67

16.19

1.73

15.39

14.82

9.25

SiO2

60.07

57.66

5.78

55.38

54.68

40.53

P2O5

0.07

0.10

0.02

0.08

0.33

1.19

SO3

0.03

1.15

38.79

2.32

1.07

0.15

K2O

1.58

1.48

0.19

1.55

1.66

0.95

CaO

3.73

3.94

32.66

4.36

4.28

2.95

TiO2

0.61

0.61

0.12

0.60

0.60

0.44

MnO

0.10

0.20

0.01

0.11

0.14

0.91

Fe2O3

6.37

6.76

0.97

6.69

6.86

26.33

LOI

6.47

6.43

18.92

8.34

10.75

14.24

Cl

159

219

186

156

1675

151

V

72

138

bdl

bdl

bdl

162

Cr

83

66

bdl

bdl

57

bdl

Ni

37

bdl

56

41

bdl

116

Cu

61

73

bdl

88

101

90

Zn

103

108

bdl

117

132

197

Br

bdl

bdl

31

21

213

bdl

Rb

62

57

bdl

57

54

52

Sr

367

429

381

434

331

343

Y

22

15

bdl

18

20

179

Zr

117

137

bdl

155

144

118

Ba

277

180

bdl

159

207

bdl

  1. Major-element oxides and LOI are in wt%, trace elements in ppm
  2. bdl stands for “below detection limit”