Table 1 The materials as identified on the painted beehive panel (PK2) at the different sampling locations as marked in Fig. 1a, along with the methods used
Material | Chemical formula | Raman | FTIR-reflection | Raman microscopy | FTIR-transmission | GC–MS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lead white (hydrocerussite) | 2PbCO3·Pb(OH)2 | PK2-1, PK2-2b, PK2-3, PK2-4 | ||||
Anatase | TiO2 | PK2-2b | ||||
barium sulfate | BaSO4 | R4, R5, R7 R18, R19 | A1, A3, A4, A5, A7 | PK2-1, PK2-2, PK2-2b, PK2-3, PK2-4 | PK2-1, PK2-2, PK2-3 | |
Calcium carbonate | CaCO3 | R6 | PK2-1 | |||
Iron oxide (likely haematite type) | Fe2O3 | R2, R3, R16, R17 | PK2-1, PK2-2b | |||
Iron hydroxide (likely goethite type) | FeOOH | PK2-2b | ||||
Cinnabar/vermilion | HgS | R1, R3, R8 | PK2-1, PK2-4 | |||
Lead oxide (minium) | Pb3O4 | PK2-4 | ||||
Ultramarine | Na8[Al6Si6O24]Sn | R9, R10, R11, R12, R14 | PK2-1 | PK2-1 | ||
Prussian blue | Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3·xH2O | R5, R18 | A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A7 | PK2-1, PK2-2, PK2-2b, PK2-3, PK2-4 | PK2-1, PK2-2, PK2-3 | |
Carbon-based black | C | R3, R13, R15, R16, R17 | ||||
Glycerolipids | A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6 (at the back), A7 | PK2-1, PK2-2, PK2-3 | PK2-1, PK2-2 | |||
Plant terpenoid resin | A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A7 | PK2-1, PK2-3 | ||||
Beeswax | A1, A2, A5, A6, A7, A3, A4# | PK2-2, PK2-3 | PK2-1, PK2-2 | |||
Oxalate | A1, A2, A3, A4 | PK2-1, PK2-2, PK2-3 | ||||
Carboxylate | PK2-1, PK2-3 | |||||
Carnauba wax | PK2-2 |