Table 5 Summary of ground characteristic of Paris phase paintings
From: Technical examination of Liu Kang’s Paris and Shanghai painting supports (1929–1937)
Title and inventory numbera | Date | Tacking margins | Commercial preparation | Partial ground coverage of the tacking margins | Penetration of oil through to the back | SEM–EDS detected elementsb | FTIR identification | Result | Type of ground |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
St Gingolph, Lac Leman, Switzerland | 1929 | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Pb, C, O, (Zn, Ca, Na, Al, Mg, Ba) | Lead white, traces of lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, chalk, oil, proteins | Lead white, traces of lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, chalk, oil, proteins | 1 |
My room in Paris | 1929 | Yes | Yes | No | No | ||||
Landscape | 1930 | Yes | Yes | No | No | O, C, Pb, Ca, Zn, Na, (Si, Al) | Lead white, chalk, zinc white | 1 | |
French countryside | 1930 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Pb, C, O, (Ca, Mg) | Lead white, traces of chalk | 1 | ||
Cottage with blue shutters, France | 1930 | Yes | No | No | |||||
Portrait of a man with his hat, Belgium | 1930 | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Pb, O, C, Ca, (Mg, Cr, Zn, Si, Al) | Lead white, chalk, oil | Lead white, chalk, traces of zinc white, oil | 1 |
Autumn landscape | 1930 | Yes | Yes | No | No | ||||
Man in blue coat, Paris | 1930 | Yes | Yes | No | No | C, O, Ca, Pb, Zn, Na, (As, Cr, Si, Al, Ba) | Chalk, lead white, oil, proteins, zinc soap | Chalk, lead white, zinc white, zinc soap, oil, proteins, traces of As, Cr considered as contamination | 4 |
Village street, France | 1930 | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | ||||
Landscape in Switzerland, Acc. no. P-1229 | 1930 | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Pb, C, O, (Cl, Zn, Al, Ba, Cr, Na, Si) | Lead white, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, oil lead soap | Lead white, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, oil, lead soap | 1 |
Street scene in France, Acc. no. 2003–03366 | 1930 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Pb, O, C, (Mg, Ca, Si) | Lead white, oil | Lead white, traces of chalk, oil | 1 | |
Countryside in France, Acc. no. 2003–03365 | 1930 | Yes | Yes | No | No | C, Pb, O, Ba, Ti, Zn, S, Na, (Fe, Si, Al) | Lead white, barium white, zinc white, oil, proteins | Lead white, barium white, zinc white, titanium white, oil, proteins | 2 |
Farmers house, Acc. no. GI-0254-(PC) | 1930 | No | Pb, C, O, Ba, Ti, Zn, S, Na, (Ca, Si, Al) | Lead white, barium white, zinc white, traces of chalk, oil, zinc soap | Lead white, barium white, zinc white, titanium white, traces of chalk, oil, zinc soap | 2 | |||
Autumn colours, Acc. no. GI-0255 (PC) | 1930 | No | Pb, Ba, O, C, S, (Sr, Si, Ca, Al, Na, Fe) | Lead white, barium white, oil, lead soap | Lead white, barium white, traces of chalk, oil, lead soap | 3 | |||
Zuo La Lu, Acc. no. 1993–00998 | 1930 | Yes | Yes | No | O, C, Ca, Pb, Zn, Na, (Si, Al, Mg) | Chalk, lead white, oil, unconfirmed detection of proteins due to the overlapping peak of zinc soap | Chalk, lead white, zinc white, oil, unconfirmed detection of proteins due to the overlapping peak of zinc soap | 4 | |
Still life with books, Paris | 1931 | No | C, O, Ba, Ca, Zn, S, Pb, (Ti, Si, Al, Mg) | Lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, chalk, lead white, traces of titanium white | 5 | ||||
Portrait of a man with his pipe, Paris | 1931 | No | |||||||
Self-portrait | 1931 | No | |||||||
Self-portrait in Paris | 1931 | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | ||||
Boats, Etretat | 1931 | Yes | Yes | No | No | ||||
French lady, Acc. no. 1993–00996 | 1931 | No | Pb, C, O, (Ca, Cl, Zn, Na, Si, Al) | Lead white, oil, lead soap | Lead white, traces of chalk and zinc white, oil, lead soap | 1 | |||
Boat near the cliff, Acc. no. 2003–03249 | 1931 | Yes | Yes | No | Pb, C, O, Zn, (Na, Al) | Lead white, oil | Lead white, zinc white, oil | 1 | |
Village scene, Acc. no. 2003–03320 | 1931 | Yes | Yes | No | Pb, C, O, (Ca, S, Zn, Al, Na) | Lead white, oil | Lead white, traces of chalk and zinc white, oil | 1 | |
Slope, Acc. no. 2003–03319 | 1931 | Yes | No | No | |||||
Winter, Acc. no. GI-0256 | 1931 | No | Pb, O, C, (Ca, Mg, Si, Na) | Lead white, oil | Lead white, traces of chalk, oil | 1 | |||
My landlady, Madame Normand | 1932 | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | O, C, Ca, Ba, Zn, S, (Na, Pb, Ti) | Chalk, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, oil, proteins, zinc soap | Chalk, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, traces of lead and titanium whites, oil, proteins, zinc soap | 5 |
Street | 1932 | Yes | Yes | No | No | ||||
Seafood, Acc. no. 2003–03250 | 1932 | Yes | Yes | No | Pb, C, Ba, O, S, (Sr, Si, Ca, Fe) | Lead white, barium white, oil | Lead white, barium white, traces of chalk, oil | 3 | |
Breakfast, Acc. no. GI-0257 (PC) | 1932 | No | Pb, C, O, Ba, S, Zn, Ti, (Si, Na, Cr, Sr, Cl, Al) | Lead white, barium white, zinc white, oil, unconfirmed detection of proteins due to the overlapping peak of zinc soap | Lead white, barium white, zinc white, titanium white, oil, unconfirmed detection of proteins due to the overlapping peak of zinc soap | 2 |