From: Technical examination of Liu Kang’s Paris and Shanghai painting supports (1929–1937)
Title and inventory numbera | Date | Tacking margins | Commercial preparation | Partial ground coverage of the tacking margins | Penetration of oil through to the back | SEM–EDS detected elementsb | FTIR identification | Result | Type of ground |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Red and white walls | 1933 | Yes | Yes | No | No | O, C, Ca, Ba, Zn, S, Pb, Na, (Ti, Si, Al) | Chalk, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, lead white, traces of titanium white | 1 | |
Courtyard with tree | 1933 | Yes | Yes | No | No | O, C, Ca, Ba, Zn, S, (Na, Pb, Ti) | Chalk, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, traces of lead white and titanium white | 1 | |
Countryside landscape | 1933 | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | O, Ca, C, Ba, Zn, Pb, S, (Na, Si, Cr, Ti) | Chalk, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, lead white, traces of titanium white | 1 | |
Autumn Countryside | 1933 | Yes | Yes | No | No | O, Ca, C, Ba, Zn, Pb, S, (Na, Al, Si, Mg) | Chalk, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, lead white | 1 | |
Farmhouse and field | 1933 | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | O, C, Ca, Ba, Zn, S, (Na, Cr, Al) | Chalk, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white | 1 | |
Pagoda near Shanghai | 1933 | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | O, C, Ca, Zn, Ba, S, (Na, Ti) | Chalk, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, traces of titanium white | 1 | |
Courtyard, Shanghai | 1933 | Yes | Yes | No | No | O, C, Ca, Zn, Ba, S, (Na, Ti) | Chalk, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, traces of titanium white | 1 | |
Still life with green stool | 1933 | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Pb, O, C, (Ca, Na, Mg) | lead white, oil | Lead white, traces of chalk, oil | 1 (Paris) |
Working at the fields, Acc. no. 2003–03258 | 1933 | No | O, Ca, C, Zn, Ba, S, (Si, Na, Sr, Ti) | chalk, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, oil, inconclusive detection of proteins due to weak or absent absorption peaks at 1636 cm−1 and overlapping absorption band of zinc soap | Chalk, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, traces of titanium white, oil, inconclusive detection of proteins due to weak or absent absorption peaks at 1636 cm−1 and overlapping absorption band of zinc soap | 1 | |||
Countryside in China, Acc. No. 2003–03299 | 1933 | Yes | Yes | No | O, C, Ca, Zn, Ba, S, Na, (Ti, Si) | Chalk, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, oil, proteins | Chalk, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, traces of titanium white, oil, proteins | 1 | |
Countryside near Shanghai | 1934 | Yes | Yes | No | No | C, O, Ca, Zn, Ba, S, (Na, Ti, Si) | Chalk, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, traces of titanium white | 1 | |
Village lane | 1934 | Yes | Yes | No | No | O, Ca, C, Ba, Zn, S, (Na, Ti, Pb) | Chalk, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, traces of lead white and titanium white | 1 | |
Farmhouses | 1934 | No | No | C, O, Ca, Zn, Ba, S, Na | Chalk, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white | 1 | |||
Rustic landscape | 1934 | Yes | Yes | No | No | O, C, Ca, Ba, Zn, S, (Na, Pb, Fe, Si, Ti, Al, Mg) | Chalk, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, oil, proteins | Chalk, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, traces of lead and titanium whites, oil, proteins | 1 |
Backyard, Acc. no. 2003–03252 | 1934 | Yes | Yes | No | No | C, Ba, O, S, Zn, Pb, Na, Ti, (Si, Ca, Al, Cr, Cl, Sr) | Lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, lead white, chalk, oil, proteins | Lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, lead white, titanium white, traces of chalk, oil, proteins | 5 (Paris) |
Pagoda | 1935 | Yes | Yes | No | No | O, C, Ca, Zn, Ba, S, (Na, Si, Sr) | Chalk, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white | 1 | |
Seascape near Shanghai | 1935 | Yes | Yes | No | No | C, O, Ca, Zn, Ba, S, Na, (Ti, Sr, Si) | Chalk, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, oil, proteins | Chalk, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, traces of titanium white, oil, proteins | 1 |
House on the hill | 1936 | Yes | Yes | No | No | O, C, Ca, Zn, Ba, (S, Na, Cr, Si) | Chalk, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white | 1 | |
Street market I | 1936 | Yes | Yes | No | No | O, Ca, C, Ba, Zn, S, (Na, Ti, Si) | Chalk, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, traces of titanium white | 1 | |
Street market II | 1936 | Yes | Yes | No | No | O, C, Ca, Ba, Zn, S, Pb, (Na, Ti) | Chalk, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, traces of titanium white | 1 | |
Seaside near Shanghai | 1936 | Yes | Yes | No | No | O, C, Ca, Ba, Zn, S, (Na, Ti, Si) | Chalk, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, oil, proteins | Chalk, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, traces of titanium white, oil, proteins | 1 |
Seascape | 1936 | No | No | Zn, C, O, Na, (Ba, S, Pb) | Lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, chalk, oil, zinc soap | Lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, traces of lead white, chalk, oil, zinc soap | 2 | ||
Nude, Acc. no. 2003–03367 | 1936 | Yes | Yes | No | C, O, Ca, Zn, Ba, Na, S, (Cr, Ti, Si, Al, Sr) | Chalk, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, oil, inconclusive detection of proteins due to weak or absent absorption peaks at 1636 cm−1 and overlapping absorption band of zinc soap | Chalk, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, traces of titanium white, oil, inconclusive detection of proteins due to weak or absent absorption peaks at 1636 cm−1 and overlapping absorption band of zinc soap | 1 | |
Waterfall, Acc. no. 2003–03247 | 1936 | Yes | Yes | No | O, C, Ca, Zn, Ba, S, (Na, Si, Ti, Sr) | Chalk, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, oil, inconclusive detection of proteins due to weak or absent absorption peaks at 1636 cm−1 and overlapping absorption band of zinc soap | Chalk, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, traces of titanium white, oil, inconclusive detection of proteins due to weak or absent absorption peaks at 1636 cm−1 and overlapping absorption band of zinc soap | 1 | |
Mount Huangshan Acc. No. 2003–03369 | 1936 | No | O, C, Ca, Zn, Ba, S, (Na, Si, Ti) | Chalk, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, oil, inconclusive detection of proteins due to weak or absent absorption peaks at 1636 cm−1 and overlapping absorption band of zinc soap | Chalk, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, traces of titanium white, oil, inconclusive detection of proteins due to weak or absent absorption peaks at 1636 cm−1 and overlapping absorption band of zinc soap | 1 | |||
Seaside, Acc. No. 2003–03318 | 1936 | Yes | Yes | O, Ca, C, Ba, Zn, S, (Na, Si, Pb, Ti) | Chalk, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, oil, proteins | Chalk, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, traces of lead and titanium whites, oil, proteins | 1 |