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Table 6 Summary of ground characteristic of Shanghai phase paintings

From: Technical examination of Liu Kang’s Paris and Shanghai painting supports (1929–1937)

Title and inventory numbera

Date

Tacking margins

Commercial preparation

Partial ground coverage of the tacking margins

Penetration of oil through to the back

SEM–EDS detected elementsb

FTIR identification

Result

Type of ground

Red and white walls

1933

Yes

Yes

No

No

O, C, Ca, Ba, Zn, S, Pb, Na, (Ti, Si, Al)

 

Chalk, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, lead white, traces of titanium white

1

Courtyard with tree

1933

Yes

Yes

No

No

O, C, Ca, Ba, Zn, S, (Na, Pb, Ti)

 

Chalk, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, traces of lead white and titanium white

1

Countryside landscape

1933

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

O, Ca, C, Ba, Zn, Pb, S, (Na, Si, Cr, Ti)

 

Chalk, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, lead white, traces of titanium white

1

Autumn Countryside

1933

Yes

Yes

No

No

O, Ca, C, Ba, Zn, Pb, S, (Na, Al, Si, Mg)

 

Chalk, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, lead white

1

Farmhouse and field

1933

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

O, C, Ca, Ba, Zn, S, (Na, Cr, Al)

 

Chalk, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white

1

Pagoda near Shanghai

1933

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

O, C, Ca, Zn, Ba, S, (Na, Ti)

 

Chalk, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, traces of titanium white

1

Courtyard, Shanghai

1933

Yes

Yes

No

No

O, C, Ca, Zn, Ba, S, (Na, Ti)

 

Chalk, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, traces of titanium white

1

Still life with green stool

1933

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Pb, O, C, (Ca, Na, Mg)

lead white, oil

Lead white, traces of chalk, oil

1 (Paris)

Working at the fields,

Acc. no. 2003–03258

1933

No

   

O, Ca, C, Zn, Ba, S, (Si, Na, Sr, Ti)

chalk, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, oil, inconclusive detection of proteins due to weak or absent absorption peaks at 1636 cm−1 and overlapping absorption band of zinc soap

Chalk, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, traces of titanium white, oil, inconclusive detection of proteins due to weak or absent absorption peaks at 1636 cm−1 and overlapping absorption band of zinc soap

1

Countryside in China,

Acc. No. 2003–03299

1933

Yes

Yes

No

 

O, C, Ca, Zn, Ba, S, Na, (Ti, Si)

Chalk, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, oil, proteins

Chalk, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, traces of titanium white, oil, proteins

1

Countryside near Shanghai

1934

Yes

Yes

No

No

C, O, Ca, Zn, Ba, S, (Na, Ti, Si)

 

Chalk, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, traces of titanium white

1

Village lane

1934

Yes

Yes

No

No

O, Ca, C, Ba, Zn, S, (Na, Ti, Pb)

 

Chalk, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, traces of lead white and titanium white

1

Farmhouses

1934

No

  

No

C, O, Ca, Zn, Ba, S, Na

 

Chalk, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white

1

Rustic landscape

1934

Yes

Yes

No

No

O, C, Ca, Ba, Zn, S, (Na, Pb, Fe, Si, Ti, Al, Mg)

Chalk, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, oil, proteins

Chalk, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, traces of lead and titanium whites, oil, proteins

1

Backyard,

Acc. no. 2003–03252

1934

Yes

Yes

No

No

C, Ba, O, S, Zn, Pb, Na, Ti, (Si, Ca, Al, Cr, Cl, Sr)

Lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, lead white, chalk, oil, proteins

Lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, lead white, titanium white, traces of chalk, oil, proteins

5 (Paris)

Pagoda

1935

Yes

Yes

No

No

O, C, Ca, Zn, Ba, S, (Na, Si, Sr)

 

Chalk, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white

1

Seascape near Shanghai

1935

Yes

Yes

No

No

C, O, Ca, Zn, Ba, S, Na, (Ti, Sr, Si)

Chalk, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, oil, proteins

Chalk, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, traces of titanium white, oil, proteins

1

House on the hill

1936

Yes

Yes

No

No

O, C, Ca, Zn, Ba, (S, Na, Cr, Si)

 

Chalk, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white

1

Street market I

1936

Yes

Yes

No

No

O, Ca, C, Ba, Zn, S, (Na, Ti, Si)

 

Chalk, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, traces of titanium white

1

Street market II

1936

Yes

Yes

No

No

O, C, Ca, Ba, Zn, S, Pb, (Na, Ti)

 

Chalk, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, traces of titanium white

1

Seaside near Shanghai

1936

Yes

Yes

No

No

O, C, Ca, Ba, Zn, S, (Na, Ti, Si)

Chalk, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, oil, proteins

Chalk, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, traces of titanium white, oil, proteins

1

Seascape

1936

No

  

No

Zn, C, O, Na, (Ba, S, Pb)

Lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, chalk, oil, zinc soap

Lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, traces of lead white, chalk, oil, zinc soap

2

Nude,

Acc. no. 2003–03367

1936

Yes

Yes

 

No

C, O, Ca, Zn, Ba, Na, S, (Cr, Ti, Si, Al, Sr)

Chalk, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, oil, inconclusive detection of proteins due to weak or absent absorption peaks at 1636 cm−1 and overlapping absorption band of zinc soap

Chalk, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, traces of titanium white, oil, inconclusive detection of proteins due to weak or absent absorption peaks at 1636 cm−1 and overlapping absorption band of zinc soap

1

Waterfall,

Acc. no. 2003–03247

1936

Yes

Yes

No

 

O, C, Ca, Zn, Ba, S, (Na, Si, Ti, Sr)

Chalk, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, oil, inconclusive detection of proteins due to weak or absent absorption peaks at 1636 cm−1 and overlapping absorption band of zinc soap

Chalk, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, traces of titanium white, oil, inconclusive detection of proteins due to weak or absent absorption peaks at 1636 cm−1 and overlapping absorption band of zinc soap

1

Mount Huangshan

Acc. No. 2003–03369

1936

No

   

O, C, Ca, Zn, Ba, S, (Na, Si, Ti)

Chalk, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, oil, inconclusive detection of proteins due to weak or absent absorption peaks at 1636 cm−1 and overlapping absorption band of zinc soap

Chalk, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, traces of titanium white, oil, inconclusive detection of proteins due to weak or absent absorption peaks at 1636 cm−1 and overlapping absorption band of zinc soap

1

Seaside,

Acc. No. 2003–03318

1936

Yes

Yes

  

O, Ca, C, Ba, Zn, S, (Na, Si, Pb, Ti)

Chalk, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, oil, proteins

Chalk, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, traces of lead and titanium whites, oil, proteins

1

  1. aAccession numbers indicate paintings from the NGS collection. Titles without the accession numbers are from Liu family collection
  2. bMajor elements are given in bold, minor elements in plain type and trace elements in brackets