Table 1 Sources of data for this paper, and the number of analysed coins per dynasty
From: Chemical studies of Chinese coinage II: from Qin to Yuan (221 BCE–1368 CE)
Dynasty | Date | Koga (1919) | Dai and Zhou (1992) | Niu (1986) | Zhou and Fan (1992) | Zhou (2004) | Wang et al. (2005) | Zhao et al. (2009) | Pereira (2013) | Chi et al. (2016) | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Qin | 221–206 BCE | 7 | 13 | 4 | 24 | ||||||
Western Han | 206 BCE–9 CE | 4 | 14 | 1 | 82 | 18 | 10 | 11 | 140 | ||
Xin (Wang Mang) | 9–23 CE | 6 | 1 | 85 | 12 | 5 | 109 | ||||
Eastern Han | 23–220 | 46 | 4 | 1 | 51 | ||||||
Three Kingdoms/N and S Dynasties | 220–589 | 24 | 16 | 40 | |||||||
Sui | 589–618 | 8 | 8 | ||||||||
Tang | 618–907 | 6 | 10 | 2 | 5 | 147 | 84 | 11 | 265 | ||
Five Dynasties/Ten Kingdoms | 907–960 | 12 | 40 | 52 | |||||||
Liao | 907–1125 | 4 | 34 | 38 | |||||||
Northern Song | 960–1127 | 7 | 20 | 31 | 496 | 183 | 21 | 3 | 761 | ||
Xi Xia | 1032–1227 | 5 | 10 | 15 | |||||||
Jin | 1125–1234 | 1 | 17 | 2 | 20 | ||||||
Southern Song | 1127–1279 | 3 | 20 | 82 | 43 | 21 | 93 | 262 | |||
Yuan | 1271–1368 | 2 | 7 | 4 | 5 | 18 | |||||
Total | 22 | 77 | 45 | 5 | 1063 | 410 | 42 | 128 | 11 | 1803 | |
Method of analysis | Wet chem | Not stated | SEM–EDS | Wet chem and AAS | Wet chem and AAS | XRF and AAS | XRF | XRF | SEM–EDS |