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Table 2 Materials determined by XRF (including XRF scanning), rFTIR, Raman, and FORS in the Vienna Moamin. Minor elements determined by XRF are presented in brackets

From: Materials and techniques used for the “Vienna Moamin”: multianalytical investigation of a book about hunting with falcons from the thirteenth century

Material

Conclusion

XRF

rFTIR

Raman

FORS

Carrier material for writing and painting

 

Whitish folios

Parchment with CaCO3 content

S, Cl, K, Ca, (Fe)

Parchment, calcium carbonate

Calcium carbonate

Uncharacteristic

Writing inks

 

Brown, main text

Iron gall ink

Fe, (Cu, Pb)

Uncharacteristic partially calcium oxalate

Iron gall ink

Increasing reflectance in NIR

Brown, marginal notes

Iron gall ink

S, K, Fe, (Cu)

Uncharacteristic

Iron gall ink

Not analyzed

Red ink, main text

Vermilion

S, Hg

Uncharacteristic

Vermilion

Vermilion

Colorants

 

White

Lead white

Pb

Lead white

Not analyzed

Uncharacteristic

Blue

Azurite

Fe, Cu

Azurite

Not analyzed

Azurite

Light blue

Azurite, lead white

Fe, Cu, Pb

Azurite, lead white

Not analyzed

Azurite

Green

Orpiment, indigo, gypsum

Si, S, K, (Fe), As

Gypsum

Orpiment & indigo

Indigo

Gold-beige

Mosaic gold

S, Sn

Uncharacteristic partially gypsum

Not analyzed

Not analyzed

Yellow

Ochre, kaolin, lead white

Si, (Ti), Fe, Cu, Pb

Kaolin, lead white

Not analyzed

Not analyzed

Orange

Minium

Pb

Parchment bands attenuated

Minium

Not analyzed

Red

Vermilion

Hg, S

Uncharacteristic

Vermilion

Vermilion

Red

Brazilwood lake

Ca

Calcium carbonate

Not analyzed

Brazilwood lake

Pink

Brazilwood lake, lead white

Ca, Pb

Calcium carbonate, lead white

Not analyzed

Brazilwood lake

Brown

Iron oxide

Ca, Fe

Uncharacteristic

Iron oxide

Not analyzed

Brown

Iron oxide with silicate

Si, S, Ti, Fe

Not analyzed

Not analyzed

Not analyzed

Black

Carbon black

Only elements from parchment

Uncharacteristic

Carbon black

Carbon black