Table 2 Summary of the results obtained from all the techniques applied to each mummy textile wrapping/sample
Accession number | Label | Areas of interest/samplesa | MSI | FORS | Vis-OM | UV-OM | SEM | EDX | HPLC-ESI-Q-ToF |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EA 6756 | C1 | Pink from protected area, (covered by the brown criss-cross strips) | UVL—orange luminescence IRRFC—yellow (faint) UVRFC—brown (faint) Indicative of safflower | Safflower | Pink/orange non-homogeneous colouration | Intense orange luminescence of a few areas | Almost intact fibres, reduced processing, presence of particles | Ca and Cl as most abundant elements | Safflower |
Brown from criss-cross strips | UVL—strongly absorbing IRRFC—dull orange UVRFC—dark greenish brown Indicative of tannins | – | Non-homogeneous brown colouration | Prevalent absorbance of the UV radiation | Brittle fibres, transversal cracks, advanced processing, presence of particles | Si, Al, and Fe present in particles | Hydrolysable tannins | ||
EA 65502 | C2 | Red from stripy wrappings | UVL—weak pinkish luminescence IRRFC—yellow UVRFC—brown May suggest madder | Not conclusive | Relatively homogeneous light red colouration and presence of agglomerates | Weak pinkish luminescence from the fibres (especially “knee-joints”) and reddish luminescence from agglomerates | Well-preserved fibres, intermediate processing, scarce particles | General low concentration of elements | No dye detected |
Painted pink areas of the face and ears | UVL—Strongly absorbing Indicative of red ochre | Red ochre | – | – | – | ||||
EA 55614 | C3 | Red from diamond pattern | UVL—weak pinkish luminescence IRRFC—yellow UVRFC—brown May suggest madder | Not conclusive | Relatively homogeneous light red colouration | Weak pinkish luminescence from the fibres (especially “knee-joints”) | Well-preserved fibres, intermediate processing | Si, Al, and Fe present in particles | No dye detected |
Brown from diamond pattern | UVL—strongly absorbing IRRFC—deep orange/red UVRFC—dark brown Indicative of tannins | – | Relatively homogeneous brown colouration | Prevalent absorbance of the UV radiation | Advanced brittleness, abundant transversal cracks | Si, Al, and Fe present in particles, Ca generally present | Condensed tannins (?) | ||
Cat. 2348/1 | C4 | Pink from banded net pattern | – | – | Homogeneous yellowish colouration | Non-homogeneous yellowish luminescence of a few areas | Well-preserved fibres, a few tangential cracks | Si, Al, and Fe present in a few particles | No results |
Brown from the neck area | – | Relatively homogeneous brown colouration | General absorbance of the UV radiation and presence of UV-absorbing particles/areas | Abundant presence of particles with different shapes | Na and Cl abundant in crystals; Si, Al and Fe abundant in other particles | Hydrolysable tannins | |||
Cat. 2349/3 | C5 | Pink from internal meander pattern | – | Safflower | Pink/orange non-homogeneous colouration and presence of coloured particles/agglomerates | Intense orange luminescence of a few areas and of the particles/agglomerates | – | – | – |
Brown from meander pattern | Possible tannins | Relatively homogeneous brown colouration | Prevalent absorbance of the UV radiation | – | – | – | |||
Dark brown from meander pattern | Possible tannins | Relatively homogeneous dark brown colouration | Prevalent absorbance of the UV radiation | – | – | – | |||
EA 52926 | I1 | Reddish from herringbone pattern | – | Featureless | Relatively homogeneous light red colouration | Non-homogeneous yellowish luminescence of a few areas | Well-preserved fibres, intermediate processing | Si, Al, and Fe present in particles | No results |
Brown from herringbone pattern | – | Relatively homogeneous dark brown colouration | Prevalent absorbance of the UV radiation | Advanced brittleness, few particles | Si, Al, and Fe present in particles | Hydrolysable tannins | |||
EA 53938 | I2 | Black from coffer diagonal pattern | – | – | Relatively homogeneous very dark brown colouration | Prevalent absorbance of the UV radiation | Advanced brittleness, abundant transversal cracks | Si, Al, and Fe present in particles, Fe abundantly present in clear areas | Hydrolysable and condensed tannins |
S. 11013 | I3 | Dark brown from herringbone pattern | – | Possible tannins | Relatively homogeneous very dark brown colouration | Prevalent absorbance of the UV radiation and yellowish luminescence of a few areas | Advanced degradation, transversal and tangential cracks, abundant elongated crystals | Na, Ca, S abundant in crystals (but no Cl); Si, Al and Fe present in other particles | Hydrolysable tannins and degradation products |
S. 11018 | I4 | Pink from a protected area (covered by other strips) | – | Possible safflower | Non-homogeneous light pink colouration | Homogeneous weak orange luminescence | Intermediate degradation, presence of particles | Si, Al, and Fe in some particles, Ca in other ones | Safflower |
Dark brown from herringbone pattern | Possible tannins | Relatively homogeneous dark brown colouration | Prevalent absorbance of the UV radiation | Advanced brittleness, transversal cracks | Fe presents in both particles (with Al and Si) and clear areas | Hydrolysable tannins | |||
S. 11,033 | I5 | Dark brown from herringbone pattern | – | Possible tannins | Non-homogeneous dark brown colouration | Prevalent absorbance of the UV radiation and yellowish luminescence of a few areas | Very advanced degradation state, presence of coating material | Na and Cl in some crystals; Si, Al, Ca, S and Fe also present | Hydrolysable and condensed tannins |
S. 11037 | I6 | Dark brown from double sided coffer pattern | – | Possible tannins | Relatively homogeneous dark brown colouration | Prevalent absorbance of the UV radiation | Brittleness, transversal cracks, abundant presence of particles | Presence of Na-rich, Si-rich and Fe-rich particles | Hydrolysable tannins and degradation products |
EA 35727 | Cr1 | Yellowish from square pattern | – | – | Non-homogeneous yellowish colouration | Weak pinkish luminescence from the fibres (especially “knee-joints”) | Relatively good preservation state, reduced processing | General presence of Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, Cl, K and Ca | No results |
Light brown from square pattern | – | Non-homogeneous brown colouration | General absorbance of the UV radiation and presence of UV-absorbing particles/areas (including “knee-joints”) | Brittleness, a few transversal cracks, reduced processing | General low abundance of common elements, with Fe present everywhere | Hydrolysable tannins | |||
Dark brown from face | – | Non-homogeneous brown colouration | General absorbance of the UV radiation and presence of UV-absorbing particles/areas (including “knee-joints”) | Advanced brittleness, transversal cracks, abundant particles | Big particles rich in Al and Si; Fe generally present | Hydrolysable tannins | |||
EA 35728 | Cr2 | Red | UVL–strongly absorbing Indicative of red ochre | Red ochre | Non-homogeneous red/pink colouration | Non-homogeneous fine dispersion of UV-absorbing particles | Fibres coated with a fine dispersion of particles | All common elements present; Fe and Si abundant; presence of Ag impurities | No results |
Cat. 2351/2 | Cr3 | Black from protected area (covered by other strips) | – | Possible tannins | Homogeneous black colouration and presence of particles | Prevalent absorbance of the UV radiation accompanied by some luminescence of non-fibrous plant material | Fibres covered by non-fibrous plant materials and abundant particles | All common elements present; Na, Fe and Si abundant; Fe present in clear areas | Hydrolysable and condensed tannins |
Cat. 2353/11 | Cr4 | Light brown | – | Featureless | Relatively homogeneous light brown colouration | Weak orange/pinkish luminescence from the fibres (especially “knee-joints”) | Brittleness, presence of cracks, abundant particles, reduced processing | Particles rich in Fe, Al and Si; clear areas with few elements | No results |
Dark brown | Possible tannins | Relatively homogeneous dark brown colouration and presence of particles | Prevalent absorbance of the UV radiation accompanied by some luminescence of non-fibrous plant material | Advanced brittleness, presence of cracks, abundant particles, very reduced processing | Particles rich in Fe, Al and Si; clear areas also rich in Fe | Hydrolysable tannins and degradation products | |||
Provv. 1443 | Cr5 | Light brown | – | – | Homogeneous yellowish colouration | Very weak yellow/orange luminescence from the fibres (especially “knee-joints”) | Relatively good preservation, few cracks and particles | General elements present with low concentration | No results |
Black | – | Relatively homogeneous black colouration and presence of particles | Prevalent absorbance of the UV radiation | Advanced brittleness, transversal and tangential cracks, reduced processing, abundant particles | General elements present in both particles and clear areas | Hydrolysable and condensed tannins | |||
EA 6773 | Ca1 | Light brown from face | – | – | Relatively homogeneous light brown colouration | General absorbance of the UV radiation and presence of UV-absorbing particles/areas (including “knee-joints”) | Brittleness, transversal cracks, reduced processing, some particles | Particles rich in Si and Al; general elements present in clear areas, but no Fe | Hydrolysable tannins |
Dark brown from face | – | Relatively homogeneous dark brown colouration | Prevalent absorbance of the UV radiation | Advanced brittleness, numerous cracks, some particles | Ca, Si, Al and Fe abundantly present in particles; Fe also present in clear areas | Hydrolysable tannins | |||
Cat. 2344 | Ca2 | Light orange from polychrome double sided coffer pattern | – | Featureless | Relatively homogeneous light orange colouration | Weak yellow/orange luminescence from the fibres (especially “knee-joints”) | Advanced brittleness, transversal cracks, some particles | Some particles rich in S, K and Ca; other particles rich in Si and Al | No results |
Brown from polychrome double sided coffer pattern | Possible tannins | Relatively homogeneous brown colouration | Prevalent absorbance of the UV radiation | Advanced brittleness, transversal cracks, reduced processing, abundant particles | General elements present in particles; Fe also present in clear areas | Hydrolysable tannins | |||
EA 90471 | F1 | Yellow from external pattern | UVL–faint yellow luminescence May indicate yellow dye source | – | Relatively homogeneous yellowish colouration | Weak yellow/orange luminescence from the fibres (especially “knee-joints”) | Relatively good preservation, reduced processing, few particles | Some particles rich in S, K and Ca | No results |
Red from internal square pattern | UVL–orange luminescence IRRFC—yellow (faint) UVRFC—brown (faint) Indicative of safflower | Possible safflower | Relatively homogeneous reddish colouration | Orange luminescence (especially from “knee-joints”) | Relatively good preservation, reduced processing, fungal spores and hyphae | Some particles rich in S, K and Ca; other particles rich in Si and Al | Safflower | ||
Brown from internal square pattern | UVL–strongly absorbing IRRFC—deep orange/red UVRFC—dark brown Indicative of tannins | – | Non-homogeneous brown colouration and presence of light brown non-fibrous material | Absorbance of the UV radiation on fibres and dark orange luminescence from non-fibrous material | Advanced degradation, abundant fungal hyphae and spores, very reduced processing | Some particles rich in S, K and Ca; general elements present at low concentration | Hydrolysable tannins | ||
S. 11040 | F2 | Orange from internal strips | – | Featureless | Relatively homogeneous light orange colouration | Very weak yellow/orange luminescence from the fibres (especially “knee-joints”) | Relatively good preservation, some transversal cracks, few particles | General elements present in particles, but not in clear areas | No results |
Dark brown from protected area | Possible tannins | Relatively homogeneous dark brown colouration | Prevalent absorbance of the UV radiation and presence of UV-absorbing particles/areas (including “knee-joints”) | Transversal cracks, reduced processing, presence of particles | Some particles rich in S, K and Ca; other particles rich in Si and Al; Fe generally low | Hydrolysable tannins and degradation products |