Table 3 Overview of the materials identified in the paint samples extracted from the investigated paintings
Title and inventory number | Date | Colour | Sample | SEM–EDS* and XRF** detected elements | PLM, SEM–EDS, XRF assignment | FTIR identification |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Village, 2003-03270 | 1950 | Blue | 3 | C, Zn, O, Na, Al, Si, S, (Mg, Ba, Ca, K, Sr, Fe) | Lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, ultramarine, chalk, Prussian blue | |
Green | 9 | C, O, Ba, Zn, Pb, S, Cl, Fe, Al, Cd, (Cr, Na, Si, Ca, Ti, Cu, Se, As, Sr) | Lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, Prussian blue, lead white, Cr-containing yellow(s), cadmium yellow and/or cadmium orange or their variants, emerald green | Lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, Prussian blue, lead white, chrome yellow, zinc yellow, possible cadmium yellow and/or cadmium orange or their variants, oil | ||
Green | 16 | C, O, Zn, Ba, Pb, Na, Cr, S, Fe, Al, (Mg, K, Ti, Si, Cd, Cl) | Lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, lead white, Cr-containing yellow(s), cadmium yellow or its variant, Prussian blue | |||
Green | 18 | C, O, Ba, Zn, Cr, S, Na, K, Al, (Ti, Si, Sr, Cu, Cl) | Lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, Cr-containing yellow(s), ultramarine, emerald green contamination | Lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, Prussian blue, zinc yellow, possible ultramarine, oil | ||
Green | 19 | O, C, Pb, Ba, S, Cr, Fe, Al, Zn, N, Mg, Na, (Ti, Si, Cl, Sr, Ca, K) | Lead white, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, chrome yellow, Prussian blue, ultramarine, viridian | |||
Yellow | 21 | C, O, Zn, Ba, Cd, S, Na, Fe, Ca, Si, Al, Ti, (Pb, Sr, Cl) | Lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, cadmium yellow or its variant, yellow iron oxide, lead white | |||
Red | 25 | C, O, Zn, Na, Al, Ba, Fe, Ca, (P, S, Si, Ti, K) | Lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, red iron oxide, organic red(s) | Lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, synthetic alizarin lake, organic red, oil | ||
Brown | 23 | C, Cd, O, S, Ba, Fe, Zn, Se, Al, Si, (Pb, Na, Ti, Ca, Mg, Sr) | Cadmium yellow or its variant, yellow iron oxide, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, lead white, titanium white | |||
White | 4 | Zn, C, O, Na, (Ca, Mg, Pb, Al, Si) | Zinc white, chalk, lead white | |||
Kampong scene, 2003-03245 | 1951 | Blue | 3 | C, Ba, O, S, Zn, Ca, Na, (Si, Sr, Pb, Al, Ti, Mg) | Lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, ultramarine, chalk, lead white, titanium white | Lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, chalk, possible ultramarine overlapped by lithopone bands |
Green | 5 | C, O, Ba, S, Zn, Pb, Ca, Si, Na, Al, (Fe, Cr, Ti, Sr, Cl) | Lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, lead white, chalk, ultramarine, yellow iron oxide, Prussian blue, viridian, titanium white | |||
Green | 8 | O, Ba, C, Zn, Cr, S, Al, K, Na, Si, (Cl, Sr, Pb, Ti, Ca) | Lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, Cr-containing yellow(s), ultramarine, lead white, titanium white, chalk | Lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, zinc yellow, oil | ||
Green | 11 | C, O, Ba, S, Zn, Fe, Al, Na, (Sr, Cd, Pb, Ca, Ti, Cl, Cr, Si, K, Mg) | Lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, Prussian blue, ultramarine, cadmium yellow or its variant, lead white, Cr-containing yellow(s), titanium white | Lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, Prussian blue, possible cadmium yellow or its variant, possible zinc yellow, oil | ||
Yellow | 2060 | Ba, Cd, S, Pb | Cadmopone or cadmium yellow and barium white, lead white | |||
Red | 10 | C, O, Al, Zn, Ca, Pb, P, Na, (Ba, S, Si, K, Cl) | Lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, lead white, organic red(s), chalk, bone black | Lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, lead white, synthetic alizarin lake, oil | ||
Red | 15 | C, O, Ba, S, Zn, Ca, (Na, Si, Sr, Al, Pb, P) | Organic red(s), lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, ultramarine | |||
Brown | 9 | O, C, Ca, Fe, Si, Ba, Zn, S, Al, Pb, (Na, K, Ti, Mg) | Red iron oxide, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, lead white, titanium white | |||
Black | 2063 | Fe, Ca, Mn, Si | Umber, possible bone black | |||
Orchids, 2003-03379 | 1952 | Blue | 3 | O, C, Ti, Ca, Ba, Pb, Zn, Si, S, P, Al, Fe, (Na, K, Sr, Cl) | Titanium white, chalk, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, lead white, Prussian blue, ultramarine, | Lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, chalk, carbon black |
Green | 4 | C, O, Ba, Pb, Ti, Zn, S, Si, Al, (Na, Ca, Cr, Cd, Cl, Sr) | Lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, lead white, titanium white, viridian, chalk, cadmium yellow or its variant | |||
Green | 5 | C, O, Ba, Pb, S, Cr, As, Zn, (Ti, Cu, Si, Sr, Cl, Na, Ca, Al) | Lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, chrome yellow, emerald green, viridian, titanium white, ultramarine, chalk | Lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, chrome yellow, emerald green, oil | ||
Yellow | 8 | C, O, Ti, Ba, Cd, S, Zn, Al, Si, Na, (Sr, Ca, P) | Titanium white, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, cadmium yellow or its variant, bone black | |||
Brown | 6 | O, C, Fe, Si, Ti, Ba, Pb, Zn, Al, S, Ca, (Cd, Mn, Na, Sr, K, Cl, P, Mg) | Yellow iron oxide, umber, titanium white, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, lead white, cadmium yellow or its variant, bone black | |||
Brown | 7 | C, O, Ti, Ba, Zn, Cd, S, Ca, Pb, Fe, (Na, Al, Si, P, Sr) | Titanium white, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, cadmium yellow or its variant, chalk, lead white, yellow iron oxide, bone black | |||
Government Office in Johore Bahru, 2003-03300 | 1953 | Blue | 22 | C, O, Pb, Zn, Sn, Al, Mg, Ba, Co, (Na, Cr, Ca, S, Si) | Lead white, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, cerulean blue, cobalt blue, ultramarine, viridian, chalk | Lead white, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, oil |
Blue | 3 | C, O, Pb, Zn, Mg, Al, Na, (Sn, Si, Co, Ca, Ba, Cl) | Lead white, zinc white, cerulean blue, cobalt blue, chalk, barium white | |||
Green | 6 | C, O, Pb, Zn, Ba, Cr, Fe, S, Sn, Mg, Al, Na, (Co, K, Cd, Cl, Si, Sr) | Prussian blue, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, Cr-containing yellow(s), lead white, ultramarine, viridian, cadmium yellow or its variant, cerulean blue, cobalt blue | Prussian blue, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, zinc yellow | ||
Green | 7 | O, C, Cr, Al, (Zn, Pb, S, Cd, Ca, Ba, Si) | Viridian, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, lead white, cadmium yellow or its variant | |||
Yellow | 12 | C, O, Pb, Fe, Ba, Al, Zn, S, (Si, Ca, Na, Mg, Cl) | Lead white, yellow iron oxide, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, chalk | |||
Yellow | 16 | O, C, Pb, Ba, S, Fe, Al, Zn, Cr, Mg, (Si, Ca, Na, P, Sr, Cl) | Lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, lead white, Cr-containing yellow(s), yellow iron oxide, bone black | Lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, lead white, chrome yellow, zinc yellow, oil, zinc soap, possible low intensity bands of iron oxide overlapped by lithopone and zinc yellow bands | ||
Red | 17 | Pb, C, O, Zn, (Na, Cl, Si, Fe, N, Al, Cr, K, Co, Ca) | Lead white, organic red(s), zinc white, Fe-, Cr-, Co-containing pigments contamination | Lead white, organic red(s), oil, zinc soap | ||
Brown | 8 | Pb, C, O, Fe, Zn, Si, (Cl, Na, Ca, Al, Mg) | Lead white, red iron oxide, zinc white, chalk | |||
Brown | 18 | O, Fe, C, Pb, Si, Cl, Zn, Ba, (Mg, Al, Ca, Na, Mn, S, P, Sr, K) | Yellow iron oxide, umber, lead white, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, chalk, bone black | |||
Black | 14 | O, C, Ca, P, Pb, Al, As, Zn, (Fe, Ba, S, Si, Na, Mg) | Bone black, lead white, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white | |||
Scene in Bali, 2003-03333 | 1953 | Blue | 12 | O, C, Ba, S, Al, Mg, Zn, (Pb, Mn, Na, Ti, Ca, Si, Cl) | Lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, ultramarine, traces of lead white, manganese blue, titanium white, chalk | Lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, manganese blue, oil |
Blue | 10 | C, O, Zn, Cr, Na, Al, (Ba, Ca, S, Cl, Si) | Lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, viridian, ultramarine | |||
Green | 8 | Zn, C, O, Na, Ba, N, (S, Cr, Cl, Al, Ca, Mg, Pb, Si, K, Co, Sr) | Lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, viridian, ultramarine, chalk, lead white, Co-containing pigment contamination | |||
Green | 7 | Pb, O, C, Ba, Zn, Al, (S, Fe, Na, Cl, Cd, Ca, K, Si) | Lead white, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, Prussian blue, ultramarine, cadmium yellow or its variant | |||
Yellow | 9 | Pb, O, C, Fe, Zn, Na, Si, K, Mg, Co, (Ca, Ba, Al) | Lead white, yellow iron oxide, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, cobalt yellow, chalk | |||
Red | 13 | C, O, Ba, S, Cd, Zn, Pb, Al, Se, (Na, Ti, Ca, Fe, Si, P, Sr) | Lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, cadmium red or its variant, lead white, titanium white, chalk, yellow iron oxide | Lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, cadmium red or its variant, organic red | ||
Brown | 14 | Pb, C, O, Zn, Fe, Na, Ca, Si, (Ba, Cl, Al, Cr, Mg, Ti) | Lead white, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, yellow iron oxide, Cr-containing yellow | |||
White | 11 | Pb, C, O, Zn, Ba, (Na, Cl, Al) | Lead white, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white | |||
Offerings, 2003-03269 | 1953 | Blue | 4 | C, O, Ba, S, Zn, Ca, Na, (Al, Ti, Si, Sr, Fe | Lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, ultramarine, titanium white, Prussian blue | |
Blue | 3 | C, O, Zn, Ti, Al, Na, Ca, Mg, (Si, S, Cl, Ba, Pb) | Lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, chalk, ultramarine, lead white | |||
Green | 7 | C, Zn, O, Ba, Na, S, Cl, Cr, Al, (Si, Mg, Ti, Sr, Fe, Cd, Ca) | Lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, Cr-containing yellow, viridian, titanium white, Prussian blue, cadmium yellow or its variant | Lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, Prussian blue, possible cadmium yellow or its variant, possible zinc yellow, oil | ||
Yellow | 8 | O, Ba, Cd, C, S, Al, Zn, Ti, (Na, Si, Pb, K, Sr, Cl, Ca, Se) | Lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, cadmium orange or its variant, titanium white, lead white, chalk | |||
Red | 9 | C, Zn, O, Ba, Na, Pb, S, Al, (Br, Si, Ca, Ti) | Lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, Br-containing organic red on Pb- or Al-based substrate, chalk, titanium white | Lithopone and /or barium white and zinc white, lead white, organic red(s), zinc soap, oil | ||
Red | 10 | Cd, O, C, S, Se, Pb, Al, Zn, Ba, (Ca, K, Fe, Na, Cl, Ti) | Cadmium red or its variant, lead white, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, chalk, yellow iron oxide | |||
White | 12 | Ba, O, C, S, Zn, Ca, Na, (Ti, Sr, Pb, Al, Si, Cl) | Lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, chalk, traces of titanium white, lead white | |||
Outdoor painting, 2003-03290 | 1954 | Blue | 8 | C, Zn, O, Na, Cr, (Pb, Ba, Ca, Al, S, Mg, Fe, Si, Cl, P) | Lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, viridian, ultramarine, Prussian blue, bone black | |
Blue | 12 | O, C, Ca, Si, Na, Al, S, Zn, (Sr, K, Pb, Cl, Fe) | Ultramarine, chalk, zinc white, lead white, Prussian blue | |||
Blue | 13 | C, Zn, O, Na, Ca, (Si, Al, S, Sr, Cl) | Zinc white, chalk, ultramarine | |||
Green | 3 | O, C, Cr, Zn, Al, Cd, Pb, S, Ba, (Na, Ca, Si, Cl, Fe, Mg) | Viridian, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, cadmium yellow or its variant, lead white, traces of chalk, Prussian blue | |||
Green | 5 | C, O, Cl, Ca, Al, Ti, Zn, Cd, S, (Mg, Fe, Cu, Si, Pb, Na, Sr, Ba) | Titanium white, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, cadmium yellow or its variant, ultramarine, Prussian blue, lead white, Cu-containing pigment contamination | Phthalocyanine green | ||
Green | 10 | C, O, Zn, Cr, Cd, S, Pb, Ba, Na, (Cl, Al, Mg, Si) | Lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, viridian, cadmium yellow or its variant, lead white | |||
Yellow | 6 | O, C, Ba, S, Cd, Al, Zn, Pb, Cr, (Ti, Si, Na, Ca, Mg) | Lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, cadmium yellow, Cr-containing yellow(s), titanium white, chalk | Lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, possible cadmium yellow or its variant, chrome yellow, zinc yellow, oil | ||
Red | 11 | C, O, Ti, Ca, Zn, Mg, Al, Cd, (S, Na, Cl, Fe, Ba, Si) | Titanium white, chalk, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, organic red(s), cadmium yellow or its variant, yellow iron oxide | |||
Red | 7 | O, C, Al, S, Zn, (Na, Ca, Cl) | Organic red, zinc white, chalk | Organic red, oil | ||
Brown | 9 | C, O, Fe, Zn, Si, (Pb, Mg, Ca, Na, Sr, Al, Cl, S) | Yellow iron oxide, zinc white, lead white, chalk | |||
Painting kampong, 2003-04149 | 1954 | Blue | 3 | C, O, Ba, N, Al, S, Cu, Zn, (Mg, Ti, Cl, Na, Si) | Lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, phthalocyanine blue, traces of titanium white | Lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, phthalocyanine blue, oil |
Blue | 122 | Zn, Ba, Cu, Al, S | Lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, phthalocyanine blue | |||
Blue | 123 | Zn, Ba, Cu, Al, S | Lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, phthalocyanine blue | |||
Blue | 125 | Zn, Ba, Cu, Al, S | Lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, phthalocyanine blue | |||
Green | 4 | C, O, Zn, Cr, Na, Al, Cd, (S, Ba, Si, Ca) | Lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, viridian, cadmium yellow or its variant, chalk | |||
Yellow | 6 | C, Cd, O, S, Ba, Zn, Al, Na, (Si, Pb, Ca, Ti, Sr) | Cadmium yellow or its variant, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, lead white, chalk, titanium white | |||
Red | 5 | C, O, Pb, Ba, Br, Al, (Zn, S, Na, Si) | Lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, Br-containing organic red on Pb- or Al-based substrate | Lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, organic red(s), oil | ||
Brown | 54 | Si, Cl, Ca, Mn, Fe, Sr, Br, Ba, Pb | Umber, chalk, lead white, barium white, possible eosin-derived geranium lake | |||
Black | 53 | P, Fe, Ca, Zn, Pb | Bone black, lead white, zinc white | |||
Boats, 2003-03275 | 1956 | Blue | 4 | C, O, Si, Al, Na, S, Ca, Ti, (Zn, K, Mg, Fe, Sr, P) | Ultramarine, titanium white, zinc white, bone black, Prussian blue | |
Blue | 6 | C, O, Zn, Ba, S, Na, Ca, (Al, Si, Ti, Fe, Sr, Cu) | Lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, ultramarine, titanium white, Prussian blue | |||
Green | 5 | C, Zn, O, Ba, Na, S, (Cr, Ti, Cl, Si, Al, Mg, Sr) | Lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, ultramarine, viridian, titanium white | |||
Yellow | 8 | C, O, Ba, S, Cd, Al, Ti, (Zn, Na, Si, Sr, Ca) | Lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, cadmium yellow or its variant, titanium white, chalk | |||
Red | 3 | C, O, Ba, S, Cd, Zn, (Al, Se, Ti, Na, Ca, Si, Fe) | Lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, organic red(s), cadmium red or its variant, traces of titanium white, chalk, yellow iron oxide, | |||
Red | 7 | C, O, Ba, Pb, Al, Br, S, (Si, Sr, Ti, Cl, Ca, Na) | Barium white, Br-containing organic red on Pb- or Al-based substrate, titanium white, chalk | Barium white, eosin-derived geranium lake, oil | ||
Red | 11 | O, C, Ba, Pb, S, Fe, Al, Zn, Cd, Cr, Ca, Si, (Na, Ti, Se, Cl, Sn, Mg, K, P, Sr, Br) | Lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, chrome yellow, yellow iron oxide, cadmium red or its variant, titanium white, organic red on Sn-containing substrate, Br-containing organic red on Pb- or Al-based substrate, bone black | |||
Brown | 13 | O, C, Ba, S, Cd, Zn, Fe, Ca, Al, Si, Ti, Na, (Sr, Mg, K, Cl, Pb) | Lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, yellow iron oxide, cadmium yellow or its variant, chalk, titanium white, lead white | |||
Brown | 14 | C, O, Ba, Fe, Zn, S, Ca, Si, (Al, Na, Ti, Mg, K, Cd, Sr, Cr) | Lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, red iron oxide, chalk, titanium white, cadmium yellow or its variant, Cr-containing yellow | |||
White | 12 | C, Ba, O, S, Zn, Ca, Na, (Ti, Sr, Pb, Al, Si, Cl, Fe) | Lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, chalk, traces of titanium white, lead white, ultramarine, yellow iron oxide | |||
Char Siew seller, 2003-03311 | 1958 | Blue | 5 | O, C, Ca, Si, Na, Al, S, Zn, (Fe, Ba, K, Cl, Pb, Mg, P) | Ultramarine, lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, Prussian blue, lead white, bone black | |
Green | 4 | C, O, Ba, Cl, S, Zn, Al, Ca, (Na, Cu, Ti, Sr, Mg, Si) | Lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, chalk, phthalocyanine green, titanium white | Lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, chalk, phthalocyanine green, oil | ||
Yellow | 6 | C, O, K, Zn, N, Co, Mg, Na, Pb, (Fe, Cr, Al, Ca, Si, Cl) | Cobalt yellow, lead white, Cr-containing yellow(s), chalk, yellow iron oxide | Cobalt yellow, possible lead white, chrome yellow, zinc yellow, organic red, zinc soap, oil | ||
Red | 3 | C, O, Cl, Ba, Ca, Zn, (S, Cd, Na, Al, Mg, Fe, Si) | Lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, chalk, organic red(s), cadmium yellow or its variant, yellow iron oxide, organic red | Lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, possible cadmium yellow or its variant, naphthol red AS-D, oil | ||
Brown | 7 | Zn, C, O, Fe, Na, Pb, (Al, Si, Cr, Cl, Ca, Ba, Mg, S) | Zinc white, yellow iron oxide, lead white, Cr-containing yellow, barium white, chalk | |||
White | 8 | C, O, Ba, Zn, S, Na, Ca, Ti, (Sr, Al, Pb, Si, Fe, Cl, P, Mg) | Lithopone and/or barium white and zinc white, chalk, titanium white, lead white |