A multi-analytical study of the palette of impressionist and post-impressionist Puerto Rican artists

Vermeulen, Marc; Miranda, Annette S. Ortiz; Tamburini, Diego; Delgado, Sol E. Rivera; Walton, Marc

doi:10.1186/s40494-022-00683-9

Heritage Science

Table 2 Overview of the materials identified or tentatively identified through non-invasive analysis of the six paintings investigated

From: A multi-analytical study of the palette of impressionist and post-impressionist Puerto Rican artists

Painting	Color	MA-XRF/SEM-EDX			Reflectance spectroscopy/µ-reflectance spectroscopy
Painting	Color	Element	Figure/distribution map	Tentative pigment identification	Distribution map/spectrum	Maximum absorption (nm)	Inflection point (nm)	Tentative pigment identification
Trapiche	Green	Cr	Additional file 1: Fig. S1-Cr	Viridian, chrome(III)oxide green and/or chrome yellow + blue	Additional file 1: Fig. S2-EM2	450, 600, 705	745	Viridian and/or chrome(III)oxide green
	Blue	Co	Additional file 1: Fig. S1-Co	Cobalt blue	Additional file 1: Fig. S2-EM1	540, 580, 630	680	Cobalt blue
	Red	Hg	Additional file 1: Fig. S1-Hg	Vermilion	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
	Yellow	Fe	Additional file 1: Fig. S1-Fe	Iron oxide/oxy-hydroxide	Additional file 1: Fig. S2-EM4	630, 900	N/A	Ochre
	Brown	Fe	Additional file 1: Fig. S1-Fe	Iron oxide/oxy-hydroxide	Additional file 1: Fig. S2-EM3	630, 900	N/A	Ochre
	Dark/black	Co, Ca	Additional file 1: Fig. S1-Co	Cobalt blue	Additional file 1: Fig. S2-EM5	580, 630	680	Cobalt blue
	Dark/black	Co, Ca	Additional file 1: Fig. S1-Ca	Bone black	Additional file 1: Fig. S2-EM5	580, 630	680	Cobalt blue
	Ground	Pb	Additional file 1: Fig. S1-Pb	Lead white	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
CAM-1329	Green	Cr, Co, Zn, As, Cu	Figure 2-Cr	Viridian, chrome(III)oxide green and/or chrome yellow + blue	Figure 3-EM3–5	450, 600, 705	745	Viridian/chrome(III)oxide green + ultramarine blue Cobalt blue/Cobalt green Zinc white/Cobalt green
			Figure 2-Co, Zn	Cobalt blue + zinc white and/or cobalt green	Figure 3-EM3–5	450, 600, 705	745
			Figure 2-As, Cu	Emerald and/or Scheele’s green	Figure 3-EM7	450, 670		Emerald green
	Blue	N/A	N/A	N/A	Figure 3-EM2	410, 600	690	Ultramarine blue
	Yellow	N/A	N/A	N/A	Figure 3-EM8, EM9	440, 565, 650	500, 695	Possibly organic yellow
	Brown	Hg	Figure 2-Hg	Vermilion	Figure 3-EM6	455, 560, 640	580	Ochre + vermilion
	White	Pb	Figure 2-Pb	Lead white	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
	Ground	Pb	Figure 2-Pb	Lead white	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
	Retouching	Ca, Fe, K, Ti, Ba	Figure 2-Ca, Fe, Ti, Ba	Calcium carbonate Iron oxide/oxy—hydroxide Titanium white Barium sulfate	Figure 3-EM1	630, 900		Ochre

Painting	Color	MA-XRF			Reflectance spectroscopy
Painting	Color	Element	Figure/distribution map	Tentative pigment identification	Distribution map/spectrum	Maximum absorption (nm)	Inflection point (nm)		Tentative pigment identification
CAM-1328	Green	Cu, As, Cr	Additional file 1: Fig. S3-Cu, As	Emerald green and/or Scheele’s green	Additional file 1: Fig. S4-EM1	450, 670			Emerald green
	Green	Cu, As, Cr	Additional file 1: Fig. S3-Cr	Viridian, chrome(III)oxide green and/or chrome yellow + blue	Additional file 1: Fig. S4-EM1	450, 670			Emerald green
	Blue	N/A	N/A	N/A	Additional file 1: Fig. S4-EM5	590	700		Ultramarine blue
	Red	Hg	Additional file 1: Fig. S3-Hg	Vermilion	Additional file 1: Fig. S4-EM7	660	590		Vermilion-containing red
	Yellow	N/A	N/A	N/A	Additional file 1: Fig. S4-EM2, EM3	440	500		Possibly organic yellow
	Brown	Fe, Mn, Hg, Ca	Additional file 1: Fig. S3-Fe, Mn	Umber	Fig. S4-EM6	N/A	700		Unknown brown, most likely containing ultramarine blue
			Additional file 1: Fig. S3-Hg	Vermilion
			Additional file 1: Fig. S3-Ca	Bone black or calcium carbonate
	Ground	Pb	Additional file 1: Fig. S3-Pb	Lead white	N/A	N/A	N/A-		N/A
	Retouching	Ca, Fe, K, Ti, Ba, Co, Zn	Additional file 1: Fig. S3-Fe	Iron oxide/oxy-hydroxide	Additional file 1: Fig. S4-EM4	630, 890	520		Ochre
			Additional file 1: Fig. S3-K	Unknown
			Additional file 1: Fig. S3-Ca	Calcium carbonate
			Additional file 1: Fig. S3-Ti	Titanium white
			Additional file 1: Fig. S3-Ba	Barium sulfate
			Additional file 1: Fig. S3-Co, Zn	Cobalt blue/cobalt green Zinc white/cobalt green
2004–005	Green	Cr	Additional file 1: Fig. S5-Cr	Viridian, chrome(III)oxide green and/or chrome yellow + blue	Additional file 1: Fig. S6-EM7	450, 600, 710	750		Viridian and/or chrome(III)oxide green
	Red	Hg	Additional file 1: Fig. S5-Hg	Vermilion	Additional file 1: Fig. S6-EM5, EM6	540, 660, 700	580		Mixture containing vermilion
	Yellow	N/A	N/A	Possibly organic	Additional file 1: Fig. S6-EM1	N/A	N/A		Unknown (possibly organic) yellow
	Brown	Fe, Mn, Hg	Additional file 1: Fig. S5-Fe, Mn	Umber	Additional file 1: Fig. S6-EM2	N/A	N/A		Unknown dark
	Brown	Fe, Mn, Hg	Additional file 1: Fig. S5-Hg	Vermilion	Additional file 1: Fig. S6-EM2	N/A	N/A		Unknown dark
	Black	Cr, Ca, Mn, Hg	Additional file 1: Fig. S5-Cr	Viridian, chrome(III)oxide green and/or chrome yellow + blue	N/A	N/A	N/A		N/A
			Additional file 1: Fig. S5-Ca	Bone black
			Additional file 1: Fig. S5-Mn	Umber
			Additional file 1: Fig. S5-Hg	Vermilion
	Ground	Pb Ca Ba	Additional file 1: Fig. S5-Pb	Lead white Calcium carbonate Barium sulfate	N/A	N/A	N/A		N/A
	Retouching	Ca, Fe, K, Ti, Ba, Co, Zn	Additional file 1: Fig. S5-Mn	Umber	Additional file 1: Fig. S6-EM3	630, 705, 795			Possibly organic green
			Additional file 1: Fig. S5-Ca	Calcium carbonate
			Additional file 1: Fig. S5-K	Unknown
			Additional file 1: Fig. S5-Ti	Titanium white	Additional file 1: Fig. S6-EM4	480, 630, 890			Ochre
			Additional file 1: Fig. S5-Ba	Barium sulfate
			Additional file 1: Fig. S5-Co, Zn	Cobalt blue/cobalt green Zinc white/cobalt green
2004–007	Green	Cu, As, Cr	Additional file 1: Fig. S7-Cu, As	Emerald green and/or Scheele’s green	Additional file 1: Fig. S8-EM2	430, 680			Emerald green
	Green	Cu, As, Cr	Additional file 1: Fig. S7-Cr	Viridian, chrome(III)oxide green and/or chrome yellow + blue	Additional file 1: Fig. S8-EM7	680	480		Prussian blue + yellow
	Blue	N/A	N/A	N/A	Additional file 1: Fig. S8-EM1	680			Prussian blue
	Red	Hg	Additional file 1: Fig. S7-Hg	Vermilion	Additional file 1: Fig. S8-EM8	N/A	590		Vermilion
	Yellow	Cr	Additional file 1: Fig. S7-Cr	Chrome yellow	N/A	N/A	N/A		N/A
	Brown	Fe, Mn	Additional file 1: Fig. S7-Fe, Mn	Umber	Additional file 1: Fig. S8-EM3, EM4	690	575		Unknown
	Black	Ca, Co	Additional file 1: Fig. S7-Ca	Bone black	Additional file 1: Fig. S8-EM5	N/A	N/A		Unknown
	Black	Ca, Co	Additional file 1: Fig. S7-Co	Cobalt blue	Additional file 1: Fig. S8-EM5	N/A	N/A		Unknown
	Ground	Pb, Ba, Zn, Ca, S	Additional file 1: Fig. S7-Pb	Lead white	N/A	N/A	N/A		N/A
			Additional file 1: Fig. S7-Ba	Barium sulfate
			Additional file 1: Fig. S7-Zn	Zinc oxide
			Additional file 1: Fig. S7-Ca	Calcium carbonate and/or sulfate
	Possible retouching	Zn	Additional file 1: Fig. S7-Zn	Zinc white	Additional file 1: Fig. S8-EM6	630, 710, 795			Possibly modern pigment
2003–05–02	Green	Cr, Cu	Additional file 1: Fig. S9-Cr	Viridian, chrome(III)oxide green and/or chrome yellow + blue	Additional file 1: Fig. S10-EM4	700	505	Prussian blue + yellow
	Green	Cr, Cu	Additional file 1: Fig. S9-Cu	Cu-based green such as verdigris, copper resinate or malachite	Additional file 1: Fig. S10-EM4	700	505	Prussian blue + yellow
	Blue	N/A	N/A	N/A	Additional file 1: Fig. S10-EM1	700	N/A	Prussian blue
	Blue	N/A	N/A	N/A	Additional file 1: Fig. S10-EM3	420, 600	720	Ultramarine blue
	Red	Fe, Hg	Additional file 1: Fig. S9-Fe	Iron oxide/oxy-hydroxide	Additional file 1: Fig. S10-EM2	480, 650, 865	580	Red ochre
	Red	Fe, Hg	Additional file 1: Fig. S9-Hg	Vermilion	Additional file 1: Fig. S10-EM5	485, 650, 900	585	Vermilion (+ iron oxide)
	Yellow	Fe, Cr	Additional file 1: Fig. S9-Fe	Iron oxide/oxy-hydroxide	Additional file 1: Fig. S10-EM6	555, 620, 850	N/A	Yellow ochre + other yellow
	Yellow	Fe, Cr	Additional file 1: Fig. S9-Cr	Chrome yellow	Additional file 1: Fig. S10-EM8	480, 620	520	Possibly chrome yellow
	Brown	Fe, Mn	Additional file 1: Fig. S9-Fe, Mn	Umber
	Black	Ca	Fig. S9-Ca	Bone black	Additional file 1: Fig. S10-EM9	645	N/A	Bone black
	Ground	Pb Zn	Additional file 1: Fig. S9-Pb	Lead white Zinc white	N/A	N/A	N/A

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