Table 2 List of Pigments identified in Giorgio de Chirico’s paintings in this study
From: “Foundations of a great metaphysical style”: unraveling Giorgio de Chirico’s early palette
The Enigma of a Day | The Song of Love | Metaphysical Composition with Toys | The Duo | The Evil Genius of a King | The Amusements of a Young Girl | The Friend's Unrest or The Astronomer | Metaphysical Interior with Biscuits | Metaphysical Composition [Symbols of War] | The Faithful Servitor | Great Metaphysical Interior | Melancholia | Hector and Andromache | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Accession Number | 1211.1979 | 950.1079 | V 9038 | 1213.1979 | 112.1936 | 1215.1979 | V 104 | CA 64,078 | 1985–020 DJ | 1216.1979 | 1078.1969 | T 704 | CA 4603 | |
place and date of execution | Paris early 1914 | Paris June-July 1914 | 1914 | Paris winter 1914–15 | Paris 1914–15 | Paris late 1915 | 1915 | 1916 | ca. 1916 | Ferrara 1916 or 1917 | Ferrara April-August 1917 | dated 1916, painted ca. 1944–45 | dated 1918, painted ca. 1944–45 | |
Pigment | Elements Identified by p-XRF | (X) indicates a material identified by XRF or SEM–EDX and (S) indicates materials confirmed by Raman and/or μ-FTIR spectroscopy. For the grounds, (AA) indicates artist applied, (CA) commercially applied, and (I) inconclusive. | ||||||||||||
Ground layer | (AA) Lead white (S) CaCO3(S) | (CA) Lead white (S), CaCO3(S) | (AA) Lead white (S) | (I) Lead white (S) Lithopone (S, X) | (AA) Zinc white (X), lead white (S), CaCO3 (S) BaSO4 (X) | (AA) Lithopone (S,X), CaCO3(S), silicates (X) | ||||||||
Zinc white | Zn | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||
Lead white | Pb | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||
Titanium white | Ti | X | ||||||||||||
Bone or ivory black | Ca, P | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||
Magnetite | Fe | ? | X | X | ||||||||||
Red /brown ochre | Fe (Al, Si, K, Ti) | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||
Yellow ochre | Fe (Al, Si, K, Ti) | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||
Umber | Fe, Mn (Al, Si, K, Ti) | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||||
Vermilion | Hg | X | X | S | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||
Chrome yellow | Pb, Cr | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | |
Naples yellow | Sb, Pb | X | X | |||||||||||
Cadmium yellow | Cd | X | X | X | ||||||||||
PY4 | n/a | S | S | |||||||||||
Copper acetoarsenite | Cu, As | X | X | S | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||||
Chromium oxide green | Cr | X | X | ? | X | X | ||||||||
Prussian blue | Fe, K | X | X | S | X | X | S | S | S | X | X | S | S | |
Cerulean blue | Co, Sn | ? | X | |||||||||||