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Table 5 Pigment classification results of spectra from MA-XRF scanning of a historical painting (Fig. 4)

From: Neural network-based classification of X-ray fluorescence spectra of artists’ pigments: an approach leveraging a synthetic dataset created using the fundamental parameters method

Spectrum

Pigment class based on analysis of paint samples*

Predicted pigment class

A

Iron earth pigment

Iron earth pigment

B

Chalk

Gypsum

C

Vermilion

Vermilion

D

Lead pigment

Lead pigment

E

Copper pigment

Copper pigment

  1. *The pigment classes listed are the major pigments used in each region from which spectra were extracted and, in some cases, have been identified based on visual appearance and by extrapolation from paint samples taken from other nearby locations. More precise information beyond just the pigment class is therefore available for a number of the spectra: A—red earth; D—red lead possibly mixed with a small amount of lead—tin yellow or potentially lead white and a red lake pigment; E—verdigris