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Table 2 The space types and related descriptions of the Tunpu settlement

From: Study on space diversity and influencing factors of Tunpu settlement in central Guizhou Province of China

Space type

Description

Picture

Residential buildings Space

The residential buildings are the living space of villagers, continuing the construction style of Jiangnan dwellingsr, with straight row, L-shaped, courtyard with buildings on three sides, quadrangle, double quadrangle

Street space

The streets and lanes are the transportation places connecting the internal residents of Tunpu settlement as well as the external contact. Most of them are in the form of network, branch and radial layout, paved with stone slabs

Courtyard space

Courtyard space, as the gathering place and activity place inside the family, is formed by the building or the elements of the building and the courtyard wall. The ground material is mostly paved with stone

Outer defense space

The first defense space set at the entrance of the settlement, which is composed of the village gate and the defensive wall. The wall is made of stone, similar to the Great Wall. Various defense activities can be carried out on it, and the space is connected with the village gate

Watchtower space

Usually set in the center of the settlement, a multi-storey building made of solid stone is the tallest building in the settlement. The main function is to observe the enemy's situation and conduct high-altitude shooting

Temple space

The places for Tunpu residents to conduct religious activities. Religious beliefs are more popular, and there are various types of religions, but the temple forms are relatively similar. As the core node of Tunpu settlement, temple space is the spiritual dependence of Tunpu residents

Traditional theatre stage space

The place for the traditional theater performances of the Tunpu settlement. The dramas performed were mainly the themes of ancient Chinese wars, with both cultural entertainment and military drills. The traditional theatre stage is an important carrier of the unique traditional culture of the Tunpu settlement

Ancestral hall space

The place where residents of a settlement perform sacrificial acts, it plays a role in maintaining the blood relationship between the people and the land of the Tunpu residents

Education space

The place for teaching activities. Tunpu settlements were formed by the migration from advanced cultural areas to central Guizhou where cultural and economic development was lagging behind. Most of the Tunpu settlements had set up ancient schools in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and then evolved into modern schools

Square space

It refers to the public open place for gathering and distributing, performing and other functions within the settlement. Usually located at settlement entrances, road intersections, bridgeheads, or other place. In ancient times, in order to prevent the invasion of foreign enemies and maintain the combat effectiveness of the army, the square space was used for training. During the transition from the Ming Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, the function of the army was transformed into the field, and the demand for military defense capabilities was weakened.At present, the residents carry out activities such as drying grain and performing ground plays in the square space

Ancient well space

The ancient well is the underground water source for production and living of the tunpu residents. In order to prevent the well water from being polluted, the pavement around the well head is hardened and properly enclosed to form the ancient well space

Commercial space

Commercial space refers to the place where various commercial activities and other economic activities are carried out. Most of them are set up in commercial Tunpu settlements, and they undertake the functions of bazaar and trade activities for the residents of the surrounding villages