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Table 3 Comparison of element content of smalt pigment in different regions [31, 35, 36]

From: Blue pigments in Cave 256, Mogao Grottoes: a systematic analysis of murals and statues in Five dynasties, Song Dynasty and Qing Dynasty

Source

Oxide percentage (Wt%)

Na2O

Al2O3

SiO2

K2O

CaO

Fe2O3

MnO

COO

NiO

CuO

MgO

BaO

As2O3

PbO

Cave 256 of Mogao Grottoes

  

72.13

15.90

5.03

2.83

 

1.26

0.23

    

2.62

Cining Palace, Forbidden City, Beijing

0.18

1.27

72.90

10.35

0.53

0.62

 

2.35

   

5.24

6.54

 

Chengqing Palace, Xiannong Temple, Beijing

0.19

1.50

73.32

8.64

 

0.84

 

0.49

1.03

   

4.60

 

Jingxin Temple, Taigu, Shanxi

0.47

0.67

66.41

11.99

0.25

2.99

 

3.15

0.08

   

12.46

1.22

Sanqing Palace, Shanxi

0.16

0.53

73.00

11.41

 

2.79

 

3.40

0.12

0.02

 

0.09

8.36

 

Qianfo Cliff, Guangyuan, Sichuan

0.25

0.33

80.67

8.44

0.04

3.59

 

3.90

 

0.47

0.08

 

2.30

 

Dazhao Temple, Inner Mongolia

0.91

0.12

77.63

13.82

 

1.77

 

1.00

0.77

   

3.89

 

Cobalt of blue and white porcelain of the Yuan Dynasty

3.14

15.22

68.05

2.74

8.78

1.73

0.09

0.37

  

0.39

   

Cobalt of blue and white porcelain of the Yuan Dynasty

2.68

14.79

66.76

4.39

6.98

2.83

0.11

0.47

  

0.36

   

Cobalt of blue and white porcelain of the early Ming Dynasty

2.84

15.35

68.94

3.16

5.98

2.17

0.25

0.24

      

Greece murals

  

68.93

22.59

2.16

2.49

 

4.09

      

European oil painting

  

66–72

10–21

   

2–18