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Table 3 Summary of the main color-area findings

From: Virtual reconstruction of the painting process and original colors of a color-changed Northern Wei Dynasty mural in Cave 254 of the Mogao Grottoes

Analysis location

Current color

Global XRF

XRD analysis of the mixture

LC/MS

Pigment layer SEM–EDS

Pigment layer M-RS

Main pigment and stratigraphic sequence

NO. 1

Blue

Cu, Fe, As

Quartz, Azurite, Atacamite, Dioptase, Dickite, Laumontite

1: Cl, Cu, O, Si, Al, K

2: Cl, Ca, O, Cu, Si, Fe, Mg, Al, S, K

a. Azurite, b. Atacamite

NO. 2

Bean green

Cu, Fe, As

Quartz, Azurite, Atacamite, Dioptase, Dolomite, Laumontite, Albite, Gypsum

a. Atacamite, b.Azurite, c. Gypsum

NO. 3

Ivory white

Fe, Ca

Quartz, Gypsum, Talc, Lizardite, Hemihydrate, Gypsum, Clinochlore-1Mllb

a. Talc, Gypsum

NO. 4

Pure White

Pb, Fe

Quartz, Gypsum, Red lead, Clinochlore, PbO, Leucite, Felsobanyaite

a. Gypsum, b. Red lead, litharge

NO. 5

Light red

Fe, Pb, Ca, As

Quartz, PbO, Clinochlore, Gypsum, Felsobanyaite

Lac dye

1: Cl, Ca, Si, O, Fe, Na, Mg,Al K, C

a. Lac, b. Gypsum, c. Litharge

NO. 6

Charcoal grey

As, Hg, Fe, Ca

Quartz, Azurite, Gypsum, Dickite, Arsenolite

2: Cl, Ca, Si, Hg, As, Al, Mg,O, C, K, Fe

3: Cl, Ca, Si, Mg,As, Al, O, Fe, S, C

a. Realgar, Orpiment b. Gypsum

NO. 7

Black brown

Fe, As, Ca, Pb, Hg

Quartz, Carminite, Clinochlore, Illite, Cinnabar, Calcite

2: Ca, Fe, O, Si, Al, As, Mg, K, S

a. Cinnabar, b. Realgar, Orpiment, c. Calcite

NO. 8

Maroon

Fe, Pb, As, Ca

Quartz, Carminite, Clinochlore, Anorthoclase, Illite, Calcite

2: Cl, Ca, Si, Mg, O, Al, Fe, C

3: Cl, Ca, Si, As, Mg, O, Pb, Al

4: Cl, Ca, Si, Mg, O, Fe, Al, C, S

3.PbCl2

4.Pb3O4

a. Lac, b. Calcite,

c. Realgar, Orpiment,

d. Red lead

NO. 9

Deep red

Pb, Hg, As, Fe

Quartz, PbO, Calcite

2: Hg, Si, O, Al, As, C

3: Pb, O, C

a. Lac, b. Cinnabar, c. Litharge, d. Calcite

NO. 10

Red brown

Pb, Fe

Red lead, PbO

a. Red lead, b. Litharge

  1. 1,2,3, and 4 represent only the layers of the section, and the layers of the original paint pigment layers with a, b, c, and d