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Table 1 Results of pXRF analysis on GLAHM.F1 (displayed as ppm)

From: Multi-technique analysis of pigments on sandstone sculptures: Renaissance re-painting of a Roman relief

Sample

Location

Ba

Sn

Bi

As

Au

Pb

W

Cu

Ni

Co

PXRFback1

Background—left side below centre pelta

298

 < LOD

 < LOD

 < LOD

 < LOD

52

 < LOD

 < LOD

 < LOD

 < LOD

PXRFback2

Background—left side middle bottom griffin

244

 < LOD

 < LOD

 < LOD

 < LOD

58

 < LOD

 < LOD

 < LOD

 < LOD

PXRFback3

Background—right side back at exposed crack

274

 < LOD

 < LOD

 < LOD

 < LOD

39

 < LOD

 < LOD

 < LOD

 < LOD

PXRFback4

Background—right side bottom next to circular feature

338

 < LOD

 < LOD

256

 < LOD

1753

 < LOD

 < LOD

 < LOD

 < LOD

PXRFback5

Background—left exposed cracked surface at edge bottom griffin

181

 < LOD

 < LOD

144

 < LOD

1858

 < LOD

 < LOD

 < LOD

 < LOD

17.1

Background right side edge—bottom close to griffin head

499

 < LOD

 < LOD

11

 < LOD

55

 < LOD

 < LOD

 < LOD

 < LOD

MEAN

 

316

  

112

 

997

    

STD DEV

 

97

  

94

 

1033

    

PXRF1

Grey/black next to exterior frame

 < LOD

 < LOD

 < LOD

115

 < LOD

1479

 < LOD

 < LOD

 < LOD

 < LOD

PXRF2

Gold on brown in frame

1531

928

440

17,594

4530

145,735

5442

779

519

1314

PXRF3

Gold at top middle N of ANTONINO

600

346

571

14,871

1692

72,886

2428

2098

867

3118

PXRF4

Panel background above E of CAESARI

503

154

213

6892

 < LOD

35,119

 < LOD

2455

735

3996

PXRF5

Bottom inner frame mid brown

354

75

 < LOD

1991

 < LOD

23,995

 < LOD

91

 < LOD

 < LOD

PXRF6

Black/grey on right of frame

435

100

 < LOD

2799

 < LOD

26,613

382

209

 < LOD

 < LOD

PXRF7

Black in interior frame—informal border

409

109

 < LOD

3114

 < LOD

25,007

 < LOD

447

 < LOD

 < LOD

PXRF8

Gold at top middle N of ANTONINO

1017

585

1167

20,057

1099

82,120

950

3759

1371

4109

PXRF9

Bottom artillery ball (double circle)

242

 < LOD

 < LOD

63

 < LOD

496

 < LOD

 < LOD

 < LOD

 < LOD

PXRF10

Middle artillery ball circle in AVG

 < LOD

 < LOD

 < LOD

 < LOD

 < LOD

594

 < LOD

 < LOD

 < LOD

 < LOD

PXRF11

Black—right bottom griffin eye

567

6230

 < LOD

8782

 < LOD

76,671

 < LOD

948

 < LOD

 < LOD

PXRF12

Greyish/black right bottom griffin in grooves

304

112

 < LOD

2189

 < LOD

23,919

 < LOD

120

 < LOD

 < LOD

PXRF13

Mid-brown—spot on background to right bottom griffin

392

156

 < LOD

5450

 < LOD

43,355

 < LOD

 < LOD

 < LOD

 < LOD

Noa 11

Artillery? Hole

 < LOD

 < LOD

 < LOD

 < LOD

 < LOD

573

 < LOD

 < LOD

 < LOD

 < LOD

Noa 13

Left petal of flower in left griffin

260

 < LOD

 < LOD

86

 < LOD

2799

 < LOD

 < LOD

 < LOD

 < LOD

Noa 14

Centre of flower in left griffin

194

 < LOD

 < LOD

 < LOD

 < LOD

1540

 < LOD

 < LOD

 < LOD

 < LOD

Noa 15

Bottom right ivy tendril swirl

 < LOD

 < LOD

 < LOD

881

 < LOD

7162

190

 < LOD

 < LOD

 < LOD

17.2

Right of bottom right griffin

397

 < LOD

 < LOD

98

 < LOD

2414

 < LOD

34

 < LOD

 < LOD

17.3

Right of top right griffin

297

48

 < LOD

53

 < LOD

1748

 < LOD

 < LOD

 < LOD

 < LOD

17.5

Left edge of frame—dark brown

894

223

 < LOD

4105

 < LOD

29,198

544

459

 < LOD

 < LOD

17.6

Left inside frame with light brown

606

738

 < LOD

11,517

502

48,579

1128

135

174

 < LOD

17.7

Top frame with visible gold (above P of IMP)

2389

548

 < LOD

10,083

3925

41,493

2278

114

111

 < LOD

17.8

Second N in ANTONINUS gold at top

2282

612

412

20,795

3968

60,104

2215

2594

799

2375

17.9

Second A in CAESAR mid-brown

461

448

145

13,199

 < LOD

45,115

565

1001

615

2051

17.10

Flaking light brown above M of IMP

354

 < LOD

 < LOD

103

 < LOD

3130

 < LOD

73

 < LOD

 < LOD

17.11

Mid brown inside frame—background to whole inscription panel

3341

1973

1182

29,501

 < LOD

80,739

680

7355

2462

10,604

17.12

Dark brown spot next to S in CAESARI

1111

3899

796

34,134

 < LOD

73,013

792

13,621

1635

5153

17.13

Mid brown under cross bar of H in HADRIANO

2289

518

192

13,488

 < LOD

45,653

561

2307

1040

4855

17.14

Top above a dk border

1548

314

 < LOD

5642

872

48,778

 < LOD

356

98

 < LOD

Sample

Location

Fe

Mn

Ca

Al

P

Si

Cl

S

Mg

Notes

PXRFback1

Background—left side below centre pelta

2317

 < LOD

34,003

12,832

 < LOD

287,459

1170

38,312

 < LOD

 > si; < fe, ca, s

PXRFback2

Background—left side middle bottom griffin

6008

 < LOD

38,918

15,807

315

236,424

4456

31,785

 < LOD

 > si; < fe, ca, s; trace cl

PXRFback3

Background—right side back at exposed crack

1763

 < LOD

90,088

 < LOD

 < LOD

51,412

531

51,833

 < LOD

 > ca, s; < si

PXRFback4

Background—right side bottom next to circular feature

4780

 < LOD

53,305

15,553

423

219,226

2630

66,329

 < LOD

 > si, s; < fe, ca

PXRFback5

Background—left exposed cracked surface at edge bottom griffin

7989

 < LOD

21,918

22,501

1062

339,596

3752

28,504

 < LOD

 > si; < fe, s; trace ca, cl

17.1

Background right side edge—bottom close to griffin head

2373

149

44,244

11,433

 < LOD

214,610

1150

101,403

  

MEAN

 

 < LOD

 

47,647

16,673

600

226,823

2508

43,353

  

STD DEV

 

4230

 

26,256

4112

404

108,758

1663

15,649

  

PXRF1

Grey/black next to exterior frame

2110

 < LOD

6394

14,071

578

250,180

3183

8197

 < LOD

Significant LOW CA and S

PXRF2

Gold on brown in frame

4969

514

9710

19,788

18,563

64,043

16,836

55,834

22,337

Highest pb; > as, au, w, fe, cl, p, mg; < ba, bi, cu, ni, co, mn; LOW ca, si

PXRF3

Gold at top middle N of ANTONINO

25,314

407

15,682

15,059

13,873

95,325

12,445

35,899

14,471

 > pb, as, au, cu, ni, co, fe, p, cl; < bi, w, mn, mg; LOW ca, si; trace ba

PXRF4

Panel background above E of CAESARI

38,104

 < LOD

11,260

10,018

1113

200,719

6535

30,164

 < LOD

 > pb cu, ni, co; < as, bi; LOW ca; trace ba

PXRF5

Bottom inner frame mid brown

5337

 < LOD

12,014

15,905

574

287,509

3031

18,399

 < LOD

 > pb,fe; LOW ca, s

PXRF6

Black/grey on right of frame

11,483

 < LOD

30,134

5338

682

149,750

4921

17,252

 < LOD

 > pb; LOW s; trace w

PXRF7

Black in interior frame—informal border

4002

271

10,808

17,125

965

228,652

6486

29,440

 < LOD

 > pb; LOW ca

PXRF8

Gold at top middle N of ANTONINO

5564

423

11,637

16,938

16,200

65,479

14,155

50,276

 < LOD

 > pb, fe, as, au, bi, cu, ni, co, p, cl; < ba, mn; LOW ca, si

PXRF9

Bottom artillery ball (double circle)

37,199

 < LOD

4368

16,386

693

317,009

1959

3401

8193

 > mg; LOW ca, s

PXRF10

Middle artillery ball circle in AVG

8306

 < LOD

5972

17,915

 < LOD

320,499

1504

4596

 < LOD

LOW ca, s

PXRF11

Black—right bottom griffin eye

7705

600

52,969

11,469

925

39,634

16,949

61,808

 < LOD

 > pb, sn, as, cl; < cu, mn; LOW si

PXRF12

Greyish/black right bottom griffin in grooves

2505

187

81,744

6951

1257

107,692

10,153

30,416

 < LOD

 > pb, cl; LOW al

PXRF13

Mid-brown—spot on background to right bottom griffin

4601

516

10,187

9214

1464

99,277

15,001

52,637

 < LOD

 > pb, as, cl; LOW ca

Noa 11

Artillery? Hole

5217

 < LOD

6652

10,979

 < LOD

189,811

1805

5774

 < LOD

LOW ca, s; trace pb, fe

Noa 13

Left petal of flower in left griffin

6592

 < LOD

13,397

28,214

963

319,553

4962

13,719

10,493

 > fe, mg; LOW ca, s; trace pb

Noa 14

Centre of flower in left griffin

17,583

 < LOD

6018

26,451

617

321,632

4784

10,185

 < LOD

LOW ca, s; trace pb, fe

Noa 15

Bottom right ivy tendril swirl

5393

 < LOD

15,856

13,950

952

215,786

10,064

43,168

 < LOD

 

17.2

Right of bottom right griffin

10,422

198

13,655

9200

 < LOD

286,323

3722

31,773

  

17.3

Right of top right griffin

3880

196

13,328

9587

 < LOD

263,306

3805

26,356

  

17.5

Left edge of frame—dark brown

4729

137

6254

 < LOD

 < LOD

126,747

5239

37,971

 

 > pb; LOW ca, trace w

17.6

Left inside frame with light brown

3227

406

9397

3572

4116

68,290

9041

21,381

 

 > bi, as, au, pb, w, fe, p; LOW ca & al

17.7

Top frame with visible gold (above P of IMP)

15,321

301

8377

9412

17,711

93,910

7139

32,620

 

 > ba, as, au, pb, w, fe, p; LOW ca & al

17.8

Second N in ANTONINUS gold at top

14,910

417

13,484

12,433

22,017

87,589

10,428

34,226

 

 > ba, bi, as, au, pb, w, cu, co, fe, mn, p; LOW ca

17.9

Second A in CAESAR mid-brown

28,331

332

13,637

5150

1912

70,274

8945

24,430

 

 > as, pb, cu, co, fe; LOW ca & al

17.10

Flaking light brown above M of IMP

16,548

151

4741

17,836

 < LOD

316,177

4656

17,152

 

LOW ca

17.11

Mid brown inside frame—background to whole inscription panel

1287

533

10,095

 < LOD

 < LOD

86,007

10,191

25,272

 

 > ba, sn, bi, as, pb, cu, ni, co, fe, mn; LOW ca

17.12

Dark brown spot next to S in CAESARI

10,316

558

14,425

 < LOD

 < LOD

49,104

14,910

30,723

 

 > ba, sn, bi, as, pb, cu, ni, co, mn; LOW ca

17.13

Mid brown under cross bar of H in HADRIANO

6224

377

9628

4205

 < LOD

138,542

8459

22,788

 

 > ba, as, pb, cu, ni, co; LOW ca & al

17.14

Top above a dk border

6454

311

11,395

10,031

13,406

114,559

10,500

30,716

 

 > ba, au, pb, fe; LOW ca

  

15,119