Table 7 Rotated Component Matrix and Component Loadings for Rotated loadings of Factors (N = 198)

X1. There is no regular monitoring and evaluation of cultural heritage status by the concerned body (mean = 3.58)

0.671

0.570

X2. The growth of vegetation over the heritage is the challenge of heritage (mean = 3.36)

0.668

0.553

X3. Funding agencies lack the willingness to provide aid and loans to cultural heritage (mean = 4.33)

0.664

0.570

X4. The heritage is challenged by biological factors such as rats & other biological organisms (mean = 3.60)

0.626

0.418

0.587

X5. The media failed to expose the problems of heritage to the community in time (mean = 3.60)

0.571

0.423

0.564

X6. The heritage hosts more than its carrying capacity during different events (mean = 2.88)

0.571

0.598

X7. Travel agents and tour operators are negligent to the sustainability of heritage (mean = 2.86)

0.485

0.494

X8. Population growth & settlement programs have impacts on the cultural heritage of the area (mean = 4.53)

0.742

0.621

X9. There is a conflict of interest among stakeholders to safeguard the cultural heritage (mean = 4.42)

0.710

0.611

X10. There is a practices of heritage conservation without the involvement of professional (mean = 4.72)

0.576

0.609

X11. Little concern of government and local authorities about the heritage in your area (mean = 3.46)

0.811

0.735

X12. Professionals lack enough commitment to engage in conservation practices (mean = 3.30)

0.773

0.704

X13. The community aren’t concerned about the cultural heritage (mean = 2.38)

0.724

0.623

X14. The cultural heritage of the area are not promoted for sustainable tourism development (mean = 3.12)

0.660

0.593

X15. There is the practice of illicit trafficking of cultural objects (mean = 2.93)

0.518

0.0619

X16. Lack of buffer zone around heritage sites (mean = 3.04)

0.682

0.623

X17. Inappropriate conservation practices of cultural heritage (mean = 3.26)

− 0.613

0.454

X18. Practice of farming around the heritage (mean = 3.40)

0.750

0.744

X19. Natural catastrophes and climate variations (flooding, frost, temperature) deteriorate cultural heritage (mean = 3.68)

0.573

0.574

X20. The community have no positive attitude towards cultural heritage (mean = 2.71)

0.832

0.784

Eigenvalues

4.742

2.028

1.597

1.389

1.239

1.095

1.003

% of Variance

14.726

9.412

8.808

7.503

7.222

6.509

5.325