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Table 3 Extraction of risk factors for city site landscape

From: Risk assessment of city site landscapes in the central plains of China

Name

Risk description

Threat factors

Risk type

LULC

\({\mathrm{DLS}}_{(\mathrm{i})}\)

Changmiao

The site was destroyed by nearby residents who built houses, opened kilns, and borrowed soil

Building houses, opening a kiln, borrowing soil

Urban construction

Built area

Urban

Laozhuangzhaihao

It was occupied by building houses

Building houses

Urban construction

Built area

Urban

Pinggao

Long-term farming

farming

agricultural production

crops

farmland

heyang

A section was dug out due to the school building

Building houses

Urban construction

Built area

Urban

Zhuchengcun

Due to long-term agricultural production activities, the site has been damaged to some extent

Agricultural production activities

Agricultural production

Crops

Farmland

Neixiang

Since liberation, due to man-made factors such as the construction of new urban areas, the production and living activities of urban residents, unreasonable development and utilization, population increase, road widening, and building renewal, the ruins of the ancient city in Neixiang gradually disappeared

Population increase, road widening, housing renewal

Urban construction

Built area

Urban

Baiting

Reservoir water erosion, soil erosion

Reservoir flushing

Flooding

Water

Water

Mangxian

The yellow river flooded and silted up

Siltation of the yellow River

Flooding

Water

Water

Ancheng

Years of cultivation have caused certain damage to the surface of the site

Long-term cultivation

Agricultural production

Crops

Farmland

Shaoyue

Because the southern part of the old city of Zhaoyue is adjacent to the Bishui River, the terrain is relatively low-lying, and the southern part of the city site was scoured by the river, causing certain damage

River wash

Flooding

Water

Water

Chongmen

Tree roots have a certain eroding effect on the city site

Erosion of tree roots

Plant erosion

Trees, rangeland

Forest grass