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Heritage Science

Table 1 Measured CRMs with the list of elements, their weight percentages (wt%), the ratio of wt% of an element X (X: Zn, Sn, Pb) and the wt% of Cu \(\left( \frac {wt\%_{X}}{wt\%_{Cu}}\right)\), the atomic percentage (at%), the ratio of at% of an element X (X: Zn, Sn, Pb) and the at% of Cu \(\left( \frac {at\%_{X}}{at\%_{Cu}}\right)\), the normalized intensity (\(I_{norm}\)), the ratio of the intensities of element X wrt Cu \(( \frac {I_{X}}{I_{Cu}})\), and ratio of intensities corrected for the efficiency, muon capture probability and the branching ratio \(( \frac {I_{X, \epsilon , cap, br}}{I_{Cu, \epsilon , cap, br}})\)

From: The non-destructive investigation of a late antique knob bow fibula (Bügelknopffibel) from Kaiseraugst/CH using Muon Induced X-ray Emission (MIXE)

Alloy

Name

Element

wt%

\(\frac{wt\%_{X}}{wt\%_{Cu}}\)

at%

\(\frac{at\%_{X}}{at\%_{Cu}}\)

\(I_{norm} \times 10^4\)

\(\frac{I_{X}}{I_{Cu}}\)

\(\frac{I_{X, \epsilon , cap, br}}{I_{Cu, \epsilon , cap, br}}\)

Brass

31X B18 K

Cu

59.37 ± 0.05

 

60.41 ± 0.06

 

64.6 ± 0.3

  
  

Zn

39.41 ± 0.04

0.6638 ± 0.0008

38.97 ± 0.04

0.645 ± 0.001

43.3 ± 0.3

0.670 ± 0.005

0.64 ± 0.08

  

Pb

1.018 ± 0.005

0.01715 ± 0.00008

0.318 ± 0.001

0.00526 ± 0.00002

0.30 ± 0.03

0.0047 ± 0.0004

 
  

others

0.270  ±  0.002

 

0.300  ±  0.002

    
 

31X B22 F

Cu

82.47 ± 0.06

 

82.83 ± 0.10

 

89.8 ± 0.4

  
  

Zn

15.92 ± 0.07

0.1930 ± 0.0008

15.54 ± 0.07

0.1876 ± 0.0008

17.1 ± 0.2

0.190 ± 0.003

0.18 ± 0.02

  

others

1.599 ± 0.008

 

1.628 ± 0.008

    

Bronze

32X SN4 B

Cu

76.87 ± 0.06

 

83.79 ± 0.08

 

91.6 ± 0.2

  
  

Sn

18.96 ± 0.03

0.2466 ± 0.0004

11.06 ± 0.02

0.1320 ± 0.0003

7.46 ± 0.08

0.0814 ± 0.0009

 
  

P

1.208 ± 0.009

 

2.701 ± 0.019

    
  

Pb

0.864 ± 0.004

0.01124 ± 0.00005

0.289 ± 0.001

0.00345 ± 0.00001

0.23 ± 0.02

0.0026 ± 0.0002

 
  

Ni

0.607 ± 0.004

 

0.716 ± 0.004

    
  

Zn

0.496 ± 0.004

0.00645 ± 0.00005

0.525 ± 0.004

0.00627 ± 0.00004

0.58 ± 0.05

0.0063 ± 0.0005

 
  

Ag

0.495 ± 0.004

 

0.318 ± 0.003

    
  

others

0.506 ± 0.002

 

0.598 ± 0.002

    
 

IARM 184A

Cu

74

 

88

 

84.9 ± 0.2

  
  

Pb

19.0 ± 0.2

0.257 ± 0.002

6.94 ± 0.06

0.0787 ± 0.0006

4.12 ± 0.04

0.0485 ± 0.0005

 
  

Sn

6.00 ± 0.05

0.0811 ± 0.0007

3.82 ± 0.03

0.0434 ± 0.0004

2.21 ± 0.04

0.0261 ± 0.0005

 
  

Zn

0.37 ± 0.02

0.0050 ± 0.0002

0.43 ± 0.02

0.0048 ± 0.0002

0.66 ± 0.03

0.0078 ± 0.0004

 
  

others

0.664 ± 0.010

 

0.696 ± 0.009

    
 

BS 938-1

Cu

77.10 ± 0.08

 

89.18 ± 0.12

 

88.2 ± 0.2

  
  

Pb

14.80 ± 0.05

0.1920 ± 0.0007

5.25 ± 0.02

0.0589 ± 0.0002

3.14 ± 0.03

0.0356 ± 0.0004

 
  

Sn

7.16 ± 0.03

0.0929 ± 0.0003

4.43 ± 0.02

0.0497 ± 0.0002

2.70 ± 0.04

0.0306 ± 0.0004

 
  

Ni

0.490 ± 0.005

 

0.614 ± 0.006

    
  

others

0.392 ± 0.005

 

0.517 ± 0.006

    
  1. Uncertainties are 1 standard deviation (S.D.)
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