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Table 2 Table showing the ratio of the intensities of element X wrt Cu \(( \frac {I_{X}}{I_{Cu}})\) (X: Zn, Sn, Pb), the atomic percentage (at%) and the weight percentage (wt%) for the knob bow fibula at six different positions

From: The non-destructive investigation of a late antique knob bow fibula (Bügelknopffibel) from Kaiseraugst/CH using Muon Induced X-ray Emission (MIXE)

Position No.

Element

\(I_{X}/I_{Cu}\)

at%

wt%

Position 1

Cu

 

87.8 ± 0.6

76.7 ± 0.9

 

Zn

0.030 ± 0.002

2.5 ± 0.2

2.2 ± 0.2

 

Sn

0.037 ± 0.002

5.4 ± 0.3

8.8 ± 0.5

 

Pb

0.030 ± 0.002

4.3 ± 0.2

12.2 ± 0.6

Position 2

Cu

 

87.9 ± 0.8

76.4 ± 1.3

 

Zn

0.030 ± 0.003

2.5 ± 0.2

2.2 ± 0.2

 

Sn

0.033 ± 0.002

4.8 ± 0.4

7.8 ± 0.7

 

Pb

0.034 ± 0.002

4.8 ± 0.4

13.6 ± 1.2

Position 3

Cu

 

89.1 ± 0.7

78.8 ± 1.0

 

Zn

0.026 ± 0.003

2.2 ± 0.2

2.0 ± 0.2

 

Sn

0.033 ± 0.002

4.8 ± 0.3

7.9 ± 0.5

 

Pb

0.027 ± 0.002

3.9 ± 0.2

11.2 ± 0.6

Position 4

Cu

 

86.6 ± 0.9

75.1 ± 1.2

 

Zn

0.038 ± 0.005

3.2 ± 0.4

2.8 ± 0.4

 

Sn

0.040 ± 0.003

5.6 ± 0.4

9.1 ± 0.6

 

Pb

0.032 ± 0.002

4.6 ± 0.2

13.0 ± 0.6

Position 5

Cu

 

87.2 ± 0.8

76.1 ± 1.2

 

Zn

0.037 ± 0.004

3.1 ± 0.3

2.8 ± 0.3

 

Sn

0.037 ± 0.002

5.3 ± 0.3

8.6 ± 0.5

 

Pb

0.031 ± 0.002

4.4 ± 0.3

12.5 ± 0.9

Position 6

Cu

 

94.8 ± 0.4

90.4 ± 0.6

 

Zn

0.012 ± 0.001

1.1 ± 0.1

1.1 ± 0.1

 

Sn

0.020 ± 0.001

3.0 ± 0.2

5.3 ± 0.4

 

Pb

0.0066 ± 0.0005

1.03 ± 0.07

3.2 ± 0.2

  1. The lead content has been highlighted in bold, as it is most decisive for the material properties. Uncertainties are 1 SD