From: Natural world heritage conservation and tourism: a review
Categories | Methods | Data sources | Core contents | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Investigation research methods | In-depth interviews and fieldwork | Questionnaires responses by residents | Residents’ value orientation and attitudes toward heritage tourism. | |
Landscape sensitivity assessment | Questionnaires responses by visitors | The impact of tourism on landscape vision. | [47] | |
AHP | Questionnaires responses by stakeholders | The coordinated development mechanism of ecotourism. | [48] | |
Delphi method | Questionnaires and telephone interviews with experts | Tourism landscape resource evaluation and zoning protection. | [49] | |
SEM | Questionnaires responses by visitors | Tourists’ environmental attitudes and environmental behavior tendencies. | ||
Questionnaires responses by visitors | How Outstanding Universal Value, service quality and place attachment influences tourist intention towards world heritage conservation. | [52] | ||
Questionnaires responses by residents | The interaction between residents’ participation, tourism perception and their environmental protection awareness. | [53] | ||
Questionnaires responses by visitors | Willingness to pay for tourists’ ecological compensation. | [28] | ||
Questionnaires responses by residents | The value derived by the local community from world heritage. | [54] | ||
Ethics matrix approach | In-depth interviews, field observations and questionnaires responses by stakeholders | Ethical boundaries of national park management models to achieve multi-value management of natural heritage sites and deal with conflicting stakeholders. | [55] | |
Travel cost method, contingent valuation method | Questionnaires responses by visitors | The value of heritage tourism resources. | [56] | |
Perception survey | Questionnaires responses by visitors | The impact of tourist’s environmental attitude on their environmental behaviors. | ||
Questionnaires responses by residents | The factors that influence the perception of residents' responsibility for the world heritage conservation. | |||
Questionnaires responses by visitors | The tourists’ modal choice motivation and their willingness to accept regulatory measures. | [61] | ||
Field observations | Interviews to local tour operators and climbers | The impact assessment of outdoor climbing activities on the geological heritage. | [37] | |
Open-ended interviews | Questionnaires responses by visitors | The pull and push factors in heritage tourism. | [62] | |
PCA | Questionnaires responses by residents | The influence of negative political environment on sustainable tourism. | [63] | |
System dynamics model | Questionnaires responses by residents and visitors, water quality monitoring | Dynamic prediction of tourism environmental carrying capacity of karst properties. | [64] | |
WINT analysis | Questionnaires responses by stakeholders | Local stakeholders’ perceptions of sustainable development. | [65] | |
Convergent parallel mixed method | Questionnaires responses by visitors and in-depth interviews responses by stakeholders | Assess the role of communication in community participation towards sustainable tourism. | [66] | |
Indirect research methods | SWOT analysis | Official websites (provincial institutes, property site, world heritage center) | Sustainable development of natural heritage site. | [40] |
Carbon footprint | Statistical yearbook, tourism enterprises and institutions | Tourism ecological footprint of natural world heritage site. | [43] | |
Literature review and expert interview | International articles and scores from experts | The operational mechanism of ecotourism based on the perspective of stakeholders. | [41] | |
CNKI, expert’s points | Physical fitness tourism resource development and environmental protection innovation in world heritage sites. | [42] | ||
AHP, fuzzy mathematical methods | Master Plan for the heritage site | Ecological environmental threshold and tourist capacity and its impact on biological diversity. | [17] | |
Official evaluations analysis | Advisory body evaluations of nominated sites | How and when issues of sustainability and tourism emerged in the properties as well as how concerns about these issues have changed over time. | [67] | |
Panel data analysis | China Entrepreneur Investment Club (CEIC), Official websites of UNESCO world heritage center and Chinese world heritage sites | Tourism effects of world heritage sites and its impact on heritage protection. | [68] | |
Official websites (national and state institutes, UNESCO world heritage center) | The tourism attractiveness of world heritage sites. | [69] | ||
Propensity score matching | Statistical yearbook, statistical bulletin | The effectiveness of the world heritage on promoting the growth of tourism economy. | [70] | |
Static model of tourism environment capacity | Management agencies and tourism companies of the property | Tourism environmental carrying capacity of natural world heritage site. | [44] | |
Grounded theory | Tourist comment texts from travel social networking sites | The structure of tourism image value perception of karst natural properties. | [71] | |
Literature review | Scopus, Web of Science, Ebsco, Proquest | Different ways of using heritage interpretation as a tool for managing areas of sustainable development. | [24] | |
Website analysis | Websites of natural properties | How internet content can support the digital identification of nature sites and their branding as tourist destinations. | [72] | |
Experimental research methods | Remote sensing, GIS | Geospatial data cloud, China meteorological administration, protected planet, National aeronautics and space administration (NASA), National geomatics center of China | The impact of natural disasters on natural heritage site and its tourism. | [45] |
Global static partial equilibrium model | Landsat TM remote sensing image and SPOT remote sensing image | Ecological asset evaluation and ecological compensation of natural heritage site. | [73] | |
Landscape pattern index | Geospatial data cloud | Spatiotemporal changes of the landscape pattern and diving factors in natural heritage site. | [74] | |
High-resolution online tracer test | On-line monitoring | Influences of tourism activities on hydrochemistry of karst ground water. | ||
Investigation method of sample plot | Ground sample survey | Effects of tourism disturbance on the plant diversity of typical karst forest. |