Investigation of an enameled glass mosque lamp: a 13th–14th-century Mamluk example or 19th-century European version?

Heritage Science

Table 1 Summary of colorants identified in the lamp (21.484) and comparison with the literature

Enamel color	Colorant and/or opacifier
Enamel color	Glass lamp 21.484	Mamluk enameled glass vessels [6–8, 10, 11]	19th-century European enameled glass vessels in Islamic style [8, 10, 11]
Red	Hematite	Hematite	Hematite
Blue	Lazurite	Lazurite or, less commonly, cobalt oxide	Cobalt oxide
White	Tin oxide	Tin oxide or, less commonly, calcium phosphate	Lead arsenate
Yellow	Lead–tin yellow type II	Lead–tin yellow (most common) and/or lead antimonate, tin oxide sometimes also present	Lead antimonate, uranium trioxide, or lead chromate
Green	Lead–tin yellow type II and tin oxide + copper	Lead–tin yellow (most common) and/or lead antimonate + copper, tin oxide sometimes also present	Chromium-based compounds (chromium oxide or lead chromate), in some cases mixed with cobalt